The Incidence Rates Of Infectious Skin Diseases

Health and social justice have continued to be a major problem that affects the way people live and chance of illness, and consequent risk of premature death. The recent report from the World Health Organization shows that health disparities have continued to persist within and among countries and different regions of the world. For example, infectious diseases and undernutrition are common in poor and developing countries (WHO, 2018). The gap is even much worse between the rural and urban dwellers because of the economic differences and availability of healthcare services. Although some of the developed nations have attempted

Children aged 0-14 years from lower socioeconomic strata were found to be highly susceptible for respiratory tract infections (Gillies, Tomlin, Dovey & Tilyard, 2013). The increase in hospitalisation rates for respiratory tract infection among children in socioeconomically underprivileged families arise primarily from overcrowding due to poor quality housing;

Health, illness and death are not randomly distributed across societies but rather determined based on ones class and socioeconomic status, their education and literacy, employment/working conditions, social and physical environments, food insecurity, social support networks, housing, poverty and inequality. These determinants have clear affects on the inequality of health and how it is

South Africans have been struggling with access to medical care for many decades. The root of the problem of access to medical care in South Africa is mainly attributed to the poverty located in the region. Many living in poverty suffer from inadequate resources such as a lack of clean water, malnourishment, lack of effective sanitation, and unreasonable housing conditions. South Africans living in urban areas are more likely to receive better healthcare services than those in rural and remote regions. Sickness in South Africa has been an ongoing issue due to their history of persistent racial inequality, inadequate human resources, and the relentless burden of infections and noninfectious diseases. Proposals to improve the current system include increasing government funding to build hospitals, especially in rural areas, strengthening the public sector of the current healthcare system by utilizing the services of the private sector, improving the

Lower socio-economic status is a direct link to poorer health outcomes of non-indigenous Australians. Biddle’s 2013 study showed of all Indigenous Australians only 54.4% completed year 12, there unemployment rate is 7.2% higher and their work is more likely part-time and with lower income rates. A study from Cunningham (2010) showed individuals with lower socio-economic status struggle with health literacy, diagnosing illnesses, knowing when to seek medical help,

Four health determinants that influence the health status of children living in Australia and Iraq are access to services, housing, culture and stress. Having access to services can act as a secondary prevention of ill health and can reduce the burden of disease in a community. If many people in a community do not have access to medical services the spread of disease will be higher and the population of the community will also be at a higher risk of contracting a disease. Children in Australia are fortunate to be able to readily have access to medical services on a regular basis. The quality of these services are closely monitored by the government with many health benefits and health care services provided. Many of these services are free

The Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Communicable Disease Control, an Immunization Branch Senate Bill 277 was signed by Governor Brown on June 30, 2015. Effective one year from now in July 2016, SB 277 will no longer permit immunization exemptions based on personal beliefs for children in child care and public and private schools; permit personal belief exemptions submitted before January 1, 2016 to remain valid until a pupil reaches kindergarten or 7th grade.

The impact of poverty and under-classism of people within those groups experience marginalization, discrimination and inequitable treatment within the healthcare system. Consequently, this unequal access to health care in healthcare settings has been a source of reinforcing societal norms, and further ineffectively helping those most in need (Tang, Browne, Mussell, Smye & Rodney, 2015)

This can be attributed to the movement of health care approach from the medical model towards social models. In NZ, ARF is seen to be most prevalent in the North Island, with not many cases in the South Island. Although rates between 1996 and 2005 notable decreased amongst NZ Europeans, rates amongst Māori and Pacific children faced a heavy escalation. Māori people are 23 times more likely to acquire ARF than those in other ethnic groups, and Pacific people and even larger number at approximately 50 times more likely to attribute the disease (BPACnz, n.d.). Because of how evident ARF is amongst those in lower socioeconomic conditions, social models of health are more effective in explaining the high rates of ARF and RHD present in

The perspective of social determinants of health is positioned on the assumption that “economic and social conditions . . . shape the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as whole” (Raphael, 2008, p. 2). Affecting the social determinants are aboriginal status, early life, education,

Income is the very important factor in determining whether individual stays or become ill. It provides fundamental pre-requisite of human health such as shelter, food, and warmth (K Judge, I Paterson, 2001). The low income creates an individual or family exposure to harmful physical and social environment (The social, Cultural and Economic Determinants of Health in New Zealand: Action to Improve Health, 1998). The studies also show the relation between income inequality and child health outcomes, which higher inequality association with high infant mortality, low birth weight and mortality in people aged 1-14 years in both sexes (A Harding, 1999)

Health inequities are defined as “differences which are unnecessary and avoidable, but in addition are considered unfair and unjust” (Whitehead 1992, p.431). Numerous studies provide evidence of deep seated and continued health inequities between Maori and non-Maori in Aoteroa/ New Zealand (McCreanor 2008). The role of social, political, environmental and economic factors have in determining health outcomes for individuals and social groups is increasingly being recognised globally. These factors include determinants such as housing, education, employment status, income, deprivation and racism (Robson & Harris 2007). There is increasing body of evidence that show that racism and ethnic discrimination negatively impact the health and well-being of individuals and ethnic groups (Gee 2002). Based on these findings, many researchers have proposed that programmes targeted at reducing racism are a public health measures that could mitigate health inequities (McKenzie 2003).

Scabies is a very unpleasant skin disease to acquire. This disease is also known as the human itch mite. In the medical field, it is known as Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. Scabies have been around for centuries. Scabies was first documented in a letter written by Dr. Giovan Cosimo Bonomo on July, 18, 1687, to Francesco Redi2. This letter provided the first accurate presentation of the mite, with detailed drawings of its appearance. In this letter, Dr. Bonomo stated that “the sarcoptes scabiei could be transmitted by direct contact, and it stuck to almost everything.” Dr. Bonomo made the discovery by going to villages that had the ‘itch’, and actually managed to obtain a ‘sac’ from people by sticking a needle

“Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems (WHO, 2015)”. “Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2015)”.This paper discusses about epidemiology of HIV infection, including factors that contribute the development of the disease, epidemiologic triangle, role of community health nurse and the national organization that address the communicable disease.

Children and the elderly with weakened immune systems are vulnerable as their bodies cannot defend the bacteria due to not being at healthy capacity.