The Infectious Diseases Society Of America

In 2014, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) did a study on bullying and the found that 19.4% of all the students interviewed had been bullied at school. This may not seem very surprising, bullying has been going on for decades. Generations of men and women have come to fear the people who walk the halls, stealing lunch money from those weaker than them. However, it is interesting to note that 14.8% of that 19.4% had reported being cyber bullied. Unlike the standard physical bullying, cyberbullying is a slightly more recent development, but it has evolved to become much more deadly. It gives bullies a better tool for creating more widespread pain. The awareness for cyber bullying needs to increase and ultimately, cyberbullying needs to be abolished completely due to its destructive capabilities.

“The Last Resort,” by Maryn McKenna is an article about antibiotic resistance. It explains the increase of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae also known as CREs which are a class of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. CREs have been described as “a risk as serious as terrorism”(McKenna, 2013, p.394). CREs can cause bladder, lung, and blood infections that can develop into life-threatening septic shock. Unfortunately, it kills half of the people who contract it. This bacteria is resistant even to carbapenems, which are considered drugs of last resort because of the serious health risks in taking them. “Antibiotics have been falling to resistance for almost as long as people have been using them; Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin, warned about the possibility when he accepted his Nobel prize in 1945”(McKenna, 2013, p.394). Although CREs was first discovered almost 15 years ago, it did not become a public-health priority until just recently. The North Carolinan strain of Klebsiella produced an enzyme called Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase or KPC for short. It broke down carbapenems which made the strongest antibiotic now resistant. “Physicians find themselves caught between using bad drugs or using no drugs at all”(McKenna, 2013,

The main hospital strains are already partially or fully resistant to the effects of commonly used antibiotics. Resistance is also emerging to last resort drugs like vancomycin. The more virulent community strains of MRSA are infiltrating hospitals while the more resistant hospital strain is leaking into the community. The history of MRSA as described in Superbug shows how quickly bacteria can evolve when we add a strong selective force like antibiotics. Around the world, species of bacteria are becoming “superbugs” that are resistant to conventional treatments. Pharmaceutical companies are cutting research on new antibiotics in favor of more profitable investments. We are quickly running out of options for treating multi-drug resistant bacteria. As we move toward a “post-antibiotic” world, there are valuable lessons to be found in the history of MRSA, one of the first superbugs. Students in Emerging Diseases should read Superbug to learn about the complex emergence of

S. aureus responsible for 70% skin infection in children, moreover, the incidence of skin infection caused by MRSA is in a continuous increasing (Nataraj et al., 2014). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram-negative bacteria, it is classic opportunistic bacteria and are often severe, life-threatening and difficult to treat due to it has an innate resistance to many of antibiotic and disinfection (Bangera D et al., 2015; Wendell Lou B. Ladion et al., 2015). P. aeruginosa recently acquired significant as one of the most important organisms that cause nosocomial infection due to having an ability to survive in hospital environments, in addition, it has the ability to develop resistance against many antimicrobial agents (Nagoba et al., 2013). Wound infection caused by P. aeruginosa rapidly deteriorating and lead to systemic spread and therefore death within days or weeks (Turner et al., 2014). Escherichia coli is gram negative bacteria and considered as a member of the Enterobacteriaceae, it is innocuous resident in a gastrointestinal tract, but at the same time has the ability to cause

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem in modern healthcare around the world. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of pathogenic bacteria, which are quickly becoming more common, pose a serious risk to patients. One of the most common species of bacteria that cause problems in healthcare today is Klebsiella pneumoniae. Today K. pneumoniae can be responsible for community acquired infections, but is most commonly observed as a major cause of hospital acquired infections which can be fatal. K. pneumoniae has been observed to develop resistance to antibiotics more easily than most bacteria through the production of new enzymes to break them down. As new resistance mechanisms develop, fewer and fewer treatments are available for infections by K. pneumoniae. Although some treatments still remain, few new ones are being explored, thus the best option is to control the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the gram negative bacteria's most common for hospital infections (Evaluations 1). Klebsiella pneumoniae is a causative agent of bacterial pneumoniae (textbook p. 421). Most of the time, members of the genus Klebsiella are found in the soil or water and if exposed to humans it can cause a very serious form of pneumonia and inflammation in the lungs (textbook p.300).

My future career is becoming an Infectious Disease Specialist. This is a career in the medical field where a patient might have a disease that is contagious and their blood, urine etc. samples come to the specialists. The specialists see what kind of disease the patient has based off of this. They can determined if it can be treated and how to plan to contain the disease so no one else gets it. An example of using the Respiratory anatomy knowledge in my career field might be seen on the patient. A patient might have an infectious Respiratory disease that comes into the hospital. The nurses or regular onsite doctors might do a series of tests on the respiratory part of the body. A test might be a Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) which measures

it also belongs to the normal intestinal flora of humans Many bacteria from this genus, including Klebsiella pneumonia are capable of nitrogen fixation. This bacteria is an extremely virulent bacteria in part due to its polysaccharide capsule which makes it more difficult for phagocytosis to occur and also allows the bacteria to easily adhere to and colonize the respiratory and urinary tracts. This virulent bacteria has been given the title of superbug which refers to its resistance to many antibiotics. Its resistance to antibiotics is related to the presence of carbapenemase, an enzyme, in the organism which makes it resistance to carbapenamase. It is only pathogenic when the immune system is compromised due to a chronic illness or debilitation and therefore it is acquired mostly in healthcare settings, mainly long-term care facilities. When it is pathogenic, the bacteria is commonly the causative agent of bacterial pneumonia, a necrotizing lobar pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Since this bacteria is resistant to many antibiotics and is very virulent, a combination of antibiotics are used to treat it including levofloxacin, ampicillin, meropenem, terizidone and many others. The control of this bacteria is aimed at the prevention of transmission in hospitals with strategies that include contact isolation precautions, proper hand washing and textbook nursing

Infectious disease were shaped serious health issues in the world until beginning of 20th century, some disease as cholera, plaque were distribute significant proportions of the populations of European cities. (Barreto, Teixieira & Carmo, 2006).

According to previous, excessive use of antibiotics is one of the causes of drug resistance in different pathogens, this concern has caused many hospitals around the world develop guidelines and strategies to use appropriate antibiotics and are committed themselves to

Antibiotic development is one of the modern marvels of medicine. This is the first external tool that people have to fight against bacterial infections. The first drug developed was Penicillin. This medication is so effective that it is still used today. From its structure, every other antibacterial drug was developed. Today, there are hundreds of options available for treating infections. Unfortunately, this has had significant ramifications on the development of resistance to these medications. As the infections continue to learn and evolve, it is important that people educate themselves on what this means and the impacts it has.

Every single day, billions of different microorganisms enter through the doors of hospitals around the globe. A large majority of these infectious agents are treated through the use of antibiotics. But, what happens to the microorganisms that become resistant to the destructive effects of antibiotics? These organisms live on and continue to resist antibiotic treatment. We call these antibiotic-resistant organisms superbugs. Hospitals have become a breeding ground for superbugs. If they are not controlled, these superbugs can pose a significant threat to a hospital’s patients. Since they are impervious to standard antibiotic treatments, options are scarce and these superbugs prey on the already ill patients in the hospital.

-Common illnesses caused by harmful bacteria such as pneumonia and tuberculosis have been progressively becoming challenging due to the spread of antibiotic resistance

Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and amikacin were recovered from 62 of 395 patients (15.7%) during 1986. 25 isolates (40%) caused urinary tract infections. The outbreak involved three intensive care units (54 isolates), and spread from one unit to another and then to four wards (8 isolates). K pneumoniae of various serotypes and strains of different Enterobacteriaceae demonstrating the same antibiotic resistance pattern were isolated, which suggests dissemination of an R-factor. The isolates had low-level resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (mode minimum inhibitory concentration of cefotaxime, 2 mg/l) but remained sensitive to cephamycins. Cefotaxime was effective in cases of uncomplicated

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a problem so serious that "it threatens the achievements of modern medicine",3 and has developed faster than new antimicrobial agents coming to the market despite preventive efforts such as prudent use of available antibiotics,5 exemplifying the urgent need for additional research in this field. Antimicrobial resistance is common among organisms responsible for widespread and life-threatening disorders such as sepsis, bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bone and respiratory disorders. Over the past few years, antimicrobial resistance has significantly increased among gram-negatives such as Escherichia coli6,7 (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae8 (K. pneumoniae) and gram-positives such as Enterococcus