The Influence Of Amoxicillin On Peroxidase Activity And Growth Rate Of Raphanus Sativus L. Essay

Peroxidase is an enzyme found in potatoes that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, into O2 gas and water. We examined the different pH environments that can affect the enzyme activity during the breakdown of H2O2. In order to do this, we added different levels of pH, low, medium, and high, into different test tubes with the enzyme and H2O2, and we then inverted the tube. The amount of O2 gas produced was then measured and recorded. The result was that the higher pH produced more gas, followed by medium pH, then low pH. The enzymes were more active in the pH of about 10. It increased

This is due in part by the previous statement to get higher yields out every animal raised. Cattle, chickens and pigs alike are all subject to certain fattening diets, modern breeding techniques and growth hormone treatments. These forced practices have very adverse, life altering and threatening affects that lead farmers to use antibiotics in order to keep diseases at bay. The Committee on Drug Use in Food Animals states, “doses are used when pathogens are known to be present in the environment or when animals encounter a high stress situation and are more susceptible to pathogens “, (1999, p. 28). It is important to point out that the use of growth hormones and antibiotics dramatically increases body mass, drastically shortens the lifespan of animals such as cattle and is being detected in food for human consumption.

Farm animals receive 30 times more antibiotics (mostly penicillins and tetracyclines) than people do. The drugs treat and prevent infections. But the main reason farmers like them is that they also make cows, hogs and chickens grow faster from each pound of feed. Resistant strains emerge just as they do in humans taking antibiotics--and remain in the animal's flesh even after it winds up in the meat case. (par. 8)

The purpose of this report is to find out the effect of change in the Temperature, PH, boiling, concentration in peroxidase activity. Peroxidase is an enzyme that converts toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and another harmless compound. In this experiment we use, turnips and horseradish roots which are rich in the peroxidase to study the activity of this enzyme. The activity of peroxidase with change in temperature was highest at 320 Celsius and lowest at 40C. The activity of peroxidase was highest at a pH of 7, while it was lowest at pH of 9.Peroxidase activity was very low and constant with boiled extract, while the activity was moderate

The food industry does not use the medications for sick animals, it is used “because producers believe that chickens, cows, and pigs-particularly those that are not healthy to begin with-gain weight faster when these drugs are added to their feed” (UCSUSA). Rather than healthier living conditions for animals to thrive, corporations use non-therapeutic use of antibiotics to expedite the growing process in over-crowded conditions. Within the U.S., $100 billion a year is spent on drugs, but “80% of all antibiotics sold in the United States are used for livestock and poultry, not humans” (NRDC). The issue of feeding animals that are not sick antibiotics has the possibility of creating antibiotic resistant bacteria due to overuse of unnecessary antibiotics. Due to overuse of antibiotics in animals and humans, “at least two million illnesses and 23,000 deaths are caused in the U.S. by drug-resistant bacteria, according to the CDC” (Tracy). Ultimately, overuse of antibiotics wipe out vulnerable bacteria and leave only the resistant strains, making the original antibiotic

Antibiotics are commonly known as medicines that are used to prevent or kill bacteria and have been used for decades to treat humans. In humans, antibiotics are seen as increasing the quality of health care and extending the lifespan of people by essentially preventing death from infectious diseases. Like you, many people are unaware that about 80% of the antibiotics sold in the United States are actually used in agriculture (insert reference). More specifically, antibiotics are used in meat

Livestock production is a refined mix between selection, nutrition, housing and healthcare. (Thomke and Elwinger, 1998). The general benefits of antibiotic growth promotants are a lower production cost, due to improving the growth rate and feed conversion efficiency and also the prevention of decreased growth rate due to disease. There is also a smaller use in anabolic agents which alter the nutrient partitioning, which leads to an increase in the amount of protein deposited which leads to an increase in yield (Thomke and Elwinger, 1998).

According to NRDC, “Antibiotic resistant bacteria infections lead to longer illnesses, more hospitalizations, the use of antibiotics with greater side effects, and even death when treatments fail” (NaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil). In other words, eating food that is antibiotic-resistant can have serious consequences on your health. In the article, Effects of Antibiotics on Animal Feed, it observes that, “Once the patients recover, they are discharged into the community. These patients could potentially infect several community members. Multiple infection could potentially produce a supergerm which is resistant to many drugs due to resistant sharing between bacteria” (Udel.com). Colonization is very dangerous when drug-resistant bacteria are involved. This quote shows that not only can the bacteria multiply and spread, but the number of infected people can multiply and spread as well. According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control), “Up to half of antibiotic use in humans and much of antibiotic use in animals is unnecessary and inappropriate and makes everyone less safe” (Food, Farm Animals, and Drugs, NaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil). The CDC, Center for DIsease Control, even says that it is not safe for humans to be putting antibiotics in animals. Overall, feeding antibiotics to livestock can cause harm to the people who eat

With all this mass production of meat and eggs and dairy, it is no wonder our health is affected as a result of unsanitary conditions and over-drugged and over-stressed animals. The public is at risk for E. coli poisoning, salmonella poisoning, Mad Cow Disease, the swine flu, the bird flu, all which are transmittable from animal to human. Eighty percent of our nation’s antibiotics produced are distributed to farm animals, not to keep them from getting sick, but to make them grow bigger, faster and to be able to tolerate living in crowded quarters. The American Academy of Pediatrics says that this has contributed to the emergence of virulent supergerms that are resistant to antibiotics. In Sabrina Tavernise’s article, “Farm Use of Antibiotics Defies Scrutiny,” she speaks with the director of the Emerging Pathogens Institute at the University of Florida, and he states, “The single biggest problem we face in infectious disease today is the rapid growth of resistance to antibiotics. Human use contributes to that, but use in animals clearly has a part too” (Tavernise).

In this brief, the reader will see the pros and cons of antibiotics in the food we eat. They will see the what people fear about eating meat that has had a antibtiocs injection, and how this has come to happen. How the producers or the Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A) can fix the problem of having antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The reader will also be able to understand how there are many great advantages from using antibiotics in the animals but there a drawbacks and steps that are being taken to prevent the bacteria from getting into the human body when consumed. They reader will learn what the F.D.A does to try to prevent the bacteria from being consumed. The reader will also get an understanding to improve the animal production

When antibiotics are used in humans or animals, approximately 80 - 90% of the ingested antibiotics are not broken down, but pass through the body intact and enter the environment as waste. Thus, they retain their ability to affect bacteria and promote antibiotic resistance even after they enter the soil or water as a waste product. (See APUA's fact sheet, "The Need to Improve Antibiotic Use in Food Animals")

The use of antibiotics in food animal production offers proven benefits in animal health and production, as well as a reduction of foodborne pathogens (Mathew et al., 2007).

Dolliver et al. (2007) investigated the effect of antibiotic usage on concentration of antibiotics due to manure use in the soil. Many farmers will add manure to their soils; in order to add nutrients to their crops. The farmer may not be aware that when they are adding the manure they may also be adding antibiotics. Sulfamethazine, a very important antibiotics used in livestock production, is given to the livestock and they release the antibiotics in their feces. In 2001, 400 tons of sulfamethazine were added to livestock yearly. In their experiment they focused on three main food crops; corn, lettuce, and potato. They wanted to know if the plant would uptake the antibiotics in they were grown in soil where the antibiotic was found. If the plant did uptake the antibiotics; it could lead to antibiotic resistance bacteria to be found in the plants. Followed by; an increase amount of antibiotic resistance bacteria consumed by humans and other animals.

Antibiotics are the most successful drugs used for the human treatment and they have proved as a very effective weapon against infections, but they are considered as important pollutants also. Antibiotic pollution is increasingly being accepted as a promoter of antibiotic resistance that may include over-prescription and mishandling of antibiotics. Researchers have found out this fact that when an antibiotic is consumed; up to 90 percent passes through a body without taking part in metabolism. Antibiotics are used broadly in human and veterinary drugs, as well as, in aquaculture to check or treat microbial infections. In addition being used for human treatment, antibiotics are widely used for animal farming and for rural purposes. Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can pollute accepted environments. The clearest outcome of antibiotic release in usual environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. The identical resistance genes found at clinical settings are at this time distributed among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination Antibiotics can go through the atmosphere by way of waste water treatment plant effluents, hospital waste processing plant effluents, farming waste, and outflow from waste-storage and landfills. Pollution from total municipal sewage may be correlated to the rise in bacteria resistant to the most powerful antibiotics. Water discharged into lakes

Everyday more people are becoming more conscious about food consumption. Characteristics people look for in food range from flavor, nutrition content, or texture. But now people are becoming more concerned of any antibiotic residues that may be present in the meat. Most people honestly have no idea what goes into the process of creating delicious meat that they eat, other than the fact that meat is from animals. Antibiotics are substances that have many capabilities to be able to destroy bacteria and viruses. They also protect, and minimize infections that could be deadly if left untreated (Meat Institute). Many people use antibiotics to treat common infections, all the way to pneumonia or tuberculosis. As stated in the Antibiotic Resistance: Understanding and Responding to an Emerging Crisis, by: Karl Drlica and David S. Perlin, “Initially hailed as “magic bullets,” these chemical agents are now used so often that success threatens their long-term utility (1).” It is becoming much of a concern that the human population daily activities are negatively impacting the society. Even though antibiotics are a necessity throughout the world, it is going to be a crucial element that people reduce the consumption of antibiotics. They are important because they protect against food-borne illnesses, will ensure food security, and will meet the raising demands of the world. If we take the use of antibiotics away we will be risking a lot more than curing illness.