The Influence Of Brain Damage On Object-Location Memory

“Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain's nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in loss of memory, thinking and language skills, and behavioral changes. These neurons, which produce the brain chemical, or neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, break connections with other nerve cells and ultimately die. For example, short-term memory fails when Alzheimer's disease first destroys nerve cells in the hippocampus” (Alzheimer’s Association Foundation.) The destruction of the hippocampus is very serious because the hippocampus is a structure in the brain’s limbic system that plays an important part role in memory (Ettinger 91.) Its is responsible for forming organizing and storing memories.It connects the memories to structures and senses like smell and sound. “The hippocampus is a horseshoe shaped paired structure, with one hippocampus located in the left brain hemisphere and the other in the right hemisphere. The hippocampus acts as a

The brain and the distinct parts have countless duties but one of the utmost vital ones is assembly and retain new memory. In the Brain… it says, “Structures within the temporal lobe, a region of the brain near your ears, are responsible for different types of learning.” Page 5. The temporal lobe aids learning and saves the information that can be used later. Learning is key to help humans and animals to survive and thrive. Learning allows living beings to be able to do old tasks and new tasks. “… The hippocampus gathers all of the sensory aspects of the event and conducts soon initial processing of these sensory elements into a neurological format that elements that are not completely understood.” Said in the Brian, page 6. The hippocampus keeps a

The essay mentions that certain forms of brain damage can affect explicit memory, leaving implicit memory intact. Other forms of damage, therefore can affect implicit memory, leaving explicit memory intact. Explicit memories are those that require conscious effort, often involve recall, fact, and evidence. Implicit memories are those that do not require effort, and are more reactions to events, emotions etc. This being said, there have been cases studied, brain scans, and experiments done to show this and to show that damage to some areas have more of an effect on certain parts of memory. Damage to one lobe of the brain could possibly cause problems reading and writing, functions that lie in the explicit memory, but damage to another area of

Impairments in selective attention can cause significant problems for individuals and hinder their ability to attend to relevant stimuli. Studies suggest that the right hemisphere is significant for selective attention (Myers & Blake, 2008). In regards to Phillip, his difficulties include selective attention for objects in space, facial recognition, constructional disability, and dressing disturbances. These difficulties are all due to right hemisphere damage. In particular, constructional disability shows us that the right hemisphere influences visuospatial tasks resulting in the patient’s inability to copy or draw simple figures (Walker-Batson Notes, 2015). Dressing difficulties are related to neglect and spatial deficits. The patient with dressing difficulty may not be able to dress him or herself, as they are unable to reach the contralateral side of their bodies (Myers & Blake, 2008). Facial recognition deficits or prosopagnosia are also common in right hemisphere damage. Phillip might have trouble recognizing family people by their facial features and will only be able to identify them after they speak or by observing their gain or clothing style (Brookshire,

The hippocampus is where there is the most significant neurological impact of trauma. This part of the brain is responsible for memory functions, which is why it is greatly impacted when someone is diagnosed with the disorder. The volume of the hippocampus is reduced greatly when affected with PTSD. When a reduction occurs, it makes it difficult for a person to distinguish between past and present

Hippocampus is a small, curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and acquisition of new information. It also contributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampus’s lesions are

Although examining processes presents difficulties, studying patients who have sustained brain damage can provide insights into parts that play a role in cognitive processes. Findings from case studies are extrapolated to the general population to provide an insight into normal cognition. An early example and often-cited case study is Phineas Gage who suffered damage to his frontal lobe because of an accident in 1848; prior to the accident, he was friendly and dependable, however after the accident, he became unreliable and his social skills suffered, this suggests the frontal lobe is involved in planning and social skills. Damasio (1994, (cited in Jansari, 2010)) recreated damage sustained by Gage, after a patient exhibited the same changes in behaviour after undergoing surgery to remove a tumour in the frontal lobe. The recreation confirmed the suggestions made at the time of Phineas Gage, thus providing an insight into how a part of the brain the frontal lobe in this case is involved in cognitive functioning.

Doctors and scientists dispute the exact role of the hippocampus, but agree that it has an essential role in the formation of new memories about personally experienced events. Some researchers prefer to consider the hippocampus as part of a larger medial temporal lobe memory system responsible for declarative memory. When a long-term, declarative memory is made, certain neuronal connections in the temporal lobe are strengthened, and others are weakened. These changes are fairly permanent, however some may take weeks or months before they are complete

dependent activation in the hippocampus and impairs retention of the suppressed memory5–11. These reductions originate from inhibitory control processes supported by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex6–11. Retrieving memories, in contrast, increases hippocampal activity12 and often facilitates later recall13. Thus, hippocampal activity can be modulated according to task goals, though practice at suppressing retrieval is often necessary to achieve hippocampal reductions6. A key assumption of the present work is that this modulation does not target particular memories, which may be a person’s goal, but rather reflects a broadly targeted suppression (hereinafter, ‘systemic suppression’) of regional activity in the hippocampus that generally disrupts other memory functions supported by this region. For instance, beyond

Next, they address functional changes in the hippocampi with extracellular electrophysiological recordings of field population spikes on hippocampus slices. The calculated long-term potentiation (LTP) values of heterochronic parabionts, which reflect learning and memory abilities, remain above baseline level, while isochronic parabionts’ LTP values reach baseline level later. Synaptic strength shows no difference between the two groups. Villeda and co-researchers suggest that exposure to young blood improves synaptic plasticity level in aged hippocampi.

The article I found most intriguing was titled “Prospective Memory Functioning in people with and Without Brain Injury.” In this experiment, experimenters conducted a group study and wanted to compare how effective prospective memory was with participants with brain injuries and without brain injuries. There were 36 participants, (26 male and 10 female) with brain injuries and 28 without. The 28 participants were the controlled group and the 36 participants were the experimental group. Some of the conditions that the participants that had brain injuries were diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries, CVA, Korsakoff's syndrome, cerebral tumor and meningitis. To assess prospective memory researchers used an expanded form of CBPMT (Cambridge Behavior

The occipital lobe is very much important to able to correctly understand what your eyes are seeing. These lobes have to be fast to process the information that our eyes are sending. Similar to how the temporal lobe makes sense of auditory info, the occipital lobe makes sense of visual information so that we are able to understand the meaning. If our occipital lobe was impaired, or injured we would not be able to correctly process visual signals, thus visual confusion would result.

Visio-spatial neglect (VSN) is defined as a disability to distinguishes , perceive, or react to a stimulus that comes from the visual field contralateral to the damaged brain[2].Sensory disruption within the patient’s visual field indicates injury of the optic tract, geniculo-striate, or occipital cortex pathway[3].VSN displays by different ways as ignoring part of food, shaving or making up half of the face, reading or drawing only part of the page. VSN is linked for poor functional ability and one of the causes for more staying at a hospital. [2].VSN may occur in both right and left hemispheric lesion; whereas the prevalence to happen with right hemispheric lesion is

Without the hippocampus, the information from the short-term memory (STM) cannot be stored in long term memory (LTM). The hippocampus is a very important part of the human brain to store our memories. If we lost it, we will lose all our conscious memories. From Henry’s case, it also discovered that there are multiple memory storage areas located at different parts of the brain while the hippocampus is important to consolidate short-term memory to long-term memory. The removal of hippocampus caused Henry to suffer until he died as he lost the ability to make new conscious