The Influence Of Infill In Structural Structures

Diagonal bracing is obstructive in nature as it blocks the location of opening which ultimately affects the aesthetic of the building elevation. It also sometimes hinders the passage for use.

Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. Korea Concrete Institute,

A primary cause of masonry damage is from water. The outside of the bricks are hard and resist water, but the inside can soak it up like a sponge. When water freezes in winter the bricks and mortar can crack. Small chunks of mortar may fall out of the joints and parts of

Rigid frame systems are not efficient for buildings taller than 30 stories, because lateral defection due to the bending of columns causes the drift to be too large. On the other hand, steel bracing or shear walls with or without rigid frame (brace systems and shear wall systems), increases the total rigidity of the building and the resulting system is named as braced frame or shear-walled frame system. These systems are stiffer when compared to the rigid frame system, and can be used for buildings over 30 stories, but mostly applicable for buildings about 50 stories in height. However, there are examples for these systems reaching over 100-storey

Steel-reinforced concrete is a widely used structural material. The effectiveness of the steel reinforcement depends on the bond between the steel reinforcing bar and the concrete. Reinforced concrete is a composite material in which concrete 's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before it sets. Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and

It is well-known that many reinforced concrete columns including particularly those RC columns constructed prior to the 1970s have been reinforced with an inadequate amount of transverse steel reinforcement which provides inefficient confinement to the concrete core or lateral restrain to the longitudinal reinforcing bars. Since the FRP composites owe some of the extraordinary properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance, the use of externally bonded FRP composites has significantly increased in the construction industry. As confinement jackets, using FRP techniques is nowadays become one of the most popularly innovative confining means for upgrading existing RC structures. Therefore, several experimental studies have been carried out to date, such as on retrofitting or strengthening those structures with FRP systems, for example. In case of rarely sever seismic loads, establishing an axial stress-strain model considering cyclic axial compressive load is, in turn, imperative for simulating FRP-confined RC columns subjected to earthquake loads and performing a proper seismic design of such FRP-jacketed RC Columns, which are typically subjected to both axial and lateral force Wang et al.(2012). A uniaxial stress-strain model can be developed from laboratory testing results on axially loaded concrete columns confined with fiber-reinforcement polymer (FRP) composites and can then be applied as the constitutive law for confined concrete

Reinforced concrete is one of the most important available materials for construction in Egypt and all over the world. It is used in almost all structures as: buildings, shells, bridges, tunnels, tanks and retaining walls. Concrete is made by mixing binding materials as sand and gravel held together with a paste of cement and water. The used of admixture is to change certain characteristic of concrete such as workability, durability and time of hardening. Some of concrete advantages are its high compressive strength, its ability to cast in almost any desired shape, its economical and fire resistance. Low tensile strength, low ductility and cracking consider one of its disadvantages. Regardless of this disadvantages,

Prestressed concrete is a procedure where the loadbearing strength of concrete is increased significantly. Basically, it is a concrete in which suitable internal stresses of suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses caused from the external loads are neutralized to an anticipated degree. The benefit of prestressed concrete is that it can be used for construction of large spans (more than 30m) with slender members, even on encountering with heavy loads. As enhanced materials (controlled concrete and high tension steel) are being used, the modulus of elasticity is higher and ultimate creep strain is smaller resulting in the reduction of cross section of the structural components. Due to smaller dimensions, there is reduction in loads causing smaller deflections and lead to saving cost in the supporting members and foundations.

To gain perspective on the behavior of lightweight concrete, available literature from the previous research work is reviewed and a review of the codes' and standards' requirements for this kind of concrete. This literature review provides an overview of previous work done on lightweight concrete. This chapter describes the nature of foamed balls concrete, its composition and properties and how it is used in civil engineering works. Because the properties of foamed concrete can vary widely, and it can be used in a wide variety of applications, it is important to define performance requirements for each case.

Earthen construction has evolved with mankind and creates housing opportunities world-wide. Building with stabilized compressed earthen bricks (SCEBs) is becoming more popular due to the low cost, relative abundance of materials, and quality product performance. The majority of developing countries are today faced with an ever increasing problem of providing sufficient yet low-cost housing in sufficient numbers. In the last few decades, shelter conditions have been worsening: resources have remained insufficient, housing demand has increased and the urgency to provide immediate practical solutions has become more critical.

During the initial site walk, cracking was observed on the north corbel of column 7B, as labeled on the 2014 structural drawings for the site. During the renovations in 2014, steel columns were added in the vicinity of the B line of columns in this area of the structure. Given that these new columns may have been added to take additional stresses caused by the renovations and/or additions, observation of the deteriorated conditions of this corbel warranted additional investigation of other corbels in the area. This was not part of the original scope of work, but TKW has observed and reported on the condition of some of these corbels as a courtesy to the client.

Smith and Su (1997) carried out a numerical study to examine the overall and internal failure mechanisms of a soil-nailed wall during construction, under service and ultimate loading conditions. When the surcharge was applied, the horizontal displacement at the top half of the wall increased more rapidly. The increased settlement under surcharge concentrated in the loading zone and the largest settlement observed to appear at the front of surcharge location at collapse. Briaud and Lim (1999) conducted a numerical simulation to study the effect of various design decisions for tieback walls. In advance of doing parametric study, the numerical model was calibrated against an instrumented case history. The results provided some information on the impact of the following components on the wall behavior: Magnitude of the

This resulted in the formation of longitudinal cracks above the voids due to the large concentrated post-tensioning forces near the abutments, which created transverse splitting stresses, and due to the restraint of transverse concrete shrinkage imposed by the steel void forms. To solve this cracking problem, MTO recommended the addition of transverse prestressing to prevent shrinkage cracking and a decrease in span-to-depth ratio in 1975 in order to reduce the required prestressing force, which eventually led to the current maximum span-to-depth ratio limit of 28 (Scollard and Barlett 2004). As a result, in this study, 6 out of the 9 bridges built after 1975 have span-to-depth ratios below 28; the remaining 3 bridges are pedestrian bridges or European bridges.

The lateral load resisting systems that are widely used are: rigid frame, shear wall, wall-frame, braced tube system, outrigger system and tubular system. Recently, the diagrid – Diagonal Grid – structural system is widely used for tall steel buildings due to its structural efficiency and aesthetic potential provided by the unique geometric configuration of the system. Diagrid is a particular form of space truss. It consists of perimeter grid made up of a series of triangulated truss system. Diagrid is formed by intersecting the diagonal and horizontal components. PRACTICAL APPLICATION:

In another study, Erochko et al. [3] examined the residual drift response of special moment-resisting frames (SMRFs) and buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs). It was found that both types of building systems experience significant residual drifts, with values between 0.8-1.5% for the SMRFs and 0.8-2.0% for the BRBFs under design-based excitations. By reducing residual drifts of a structure subjected to a seismic event, structural engineers can maximize post-event functionality, reduce the cost to repair the structures, and increase the public safety.