Liberty Incarcerated: An Analysis of the Injustice Domestic Workers Face in the UAE
Introduction and Background to Historical Context:
Tahira works approximately 4,000 miles away from home. She is yelled at and beaten on a daily basis but continues to work 15 hours a day because she, like many others, was promised a paycheck when her contract was over. Tahira was not given a bed, and had to resort to sleeping on the ground at night; she was awarded one meal a day, if at all. Still, Tahira did not give up. She needed her salary. The abuse got worse as her employer broke her arm, slapped her across the face and even scraped her fingernails on Tahira’s neck. Still, Tahira endured the pain-she had to. She could not simply go back to Indonesia and find work elsewhere because her ticket back home- her passport was taken away from her (Human Rights Watch 33).
Women employed as Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are being abused psychologically, physically, and sexually by their employers; scholars reference the economic boom of the 1970s as the time period in which migrant labor originated in the UAE. An understanding of the origination of the labor force is critical in understanding why the Expatriate population is so large in the UAE. Kamarava, a professor and director of the Center for International and Regional Studies at Georgetown University, documents the parallel between the economy of the UAE and the growth of migrant workers as a major labor source. The
Many factors all contribute to a demand for women workers in new sites and to the disintegration of families under stress from lack of income, causing women to look for alternatives away from home, and migration becomes the solution, even though it poses many pragmatic problems.
Women from diasporas in Third World countries, such as China and the Philippines, search for jobs in First World countries and migrate in order to make enough money to send back home. However, these women are often exploited in the labor force, or taken advantage of by their manager. For instance, emotional labor is work that regulates or suppresses other people’s emotions and feelings. Nursing or nanny work are common examples of emotional labor because these occupations demand more communication and interaction. People from Third World nation-states often come from a Communist system, in which all property is publicly owned and everyone works and is paid accordingly, to a Capitalist system, in which the country’s trade and industry are privately owned and the labor force exploits workers. As seen in the film Mardi Gras: Made in China and the novel Global Woman, Director David Redmon and authors Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild portray the exploitation of women in the workforce and in marriage from Third World countries, thus suggesting that imposing emotional labor on female workers puts people in developing nation-states at a greater disadvantage and ultimately makes the poor worse off.
Cundal and Seaman discuss the many ways in which the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) is abused and the effects of this misuse on the workers. Temporary Foreign Workers (TFW) are working jobs that should be classified as long term positions, not short term. This incorrect classification affects a worker’s salary, healthcare plan, pension, vacation pay, and sick days. Cundal and Seaman also address the ways in which TFW are more susceptible to employer abuse than other workers. Temporary Foreign Workers must apply for a Labour Market Opinion (LMO) before switching employers, which can take up to five months; most workers cannot afford to live without a source of income for this length of time. This usually compels workers to keep serious issues private. Many workers are also uninformed about their basic rights, which often leaves them exposed to mistreatment or abuse by employers. Cundal, an immigration lawyer in Calgary and Seaman, a human rights and civil liberties researcher wrote an unbiased and fact based article using a wide variety of sources including articles, reports, and newsletters. Cundal and Seaman provided an extensive reference list in addition to footnotes to support their writing. The authors not only address the human rights issues faced by TFW’s, they also identify ways in which these issues can be resolved. Cundal and Seaman however, fail to provide information on how many TFW are affected by employer abuse and exploitation. This information is
Unfortunately, rape of female migrant farmworkers in the fields is a tragic phenomenon that is far too prevalent. These women are treated as sexual objects at the hands of their supervisors and coworkers, and are subsequently sexually harassed, abused, and raped. While sex plays a role in these crimes, the primary motivator behind sexual abuse in the fields is the power of the perpetrators coming into play with the powerlessness and vulnerability of the women workers.
Work-related experiences differ in regard to gender, education, nationality and most importantly the skills that people have. In the case of The Story of a Sweatshop Girl, her experience is largely centered on her inexperience at work which forms the center of harassment, intimidation and abuse by other workers particularly of higher rank. For instance, she would often be called ‘a stupid animal’ when she makes a mistake. Worker abuse is rampant all through among those people who settling in America and doing their first jobs. Worker harassment is also common as shown by male workers who would often call her names and inappropriately touch her. However, there are only verbal assurances in which protection is provided. When she reports to her boss about being targeted by other employees, he indicates that no one is supposed to disturb her. No action taken against this.
On Saturday, January 7th I interviewed Amy Beard. Amy is a program manager for FEMA in Emmitsburg, Maryland at the National Emergency Training Center or known as NETC. Amy has worked at NETC for eighteen years and two years as a supervisor. Currently, there are ten full-time employees signed to her work contract with her. As her job, her employees and her offer online training courses in emergency preparedness and maintain student records, as well as run a customer service department. After interviewing Amy, I learned more beneficial information about small group communication, especially in a work setting.
Since workers lack this mobility both within the job market as well as physically within the country, many employers have the ability to isolate a worker from society and services and thus exploit them. Abusive employers can threaten to lay off a worker if they decide to file a complaint, which would subsequently result in the worker being repatriated. Delphine Nakache (2013) writes that this might also make TFWs ineligible for employment insurance because they are legally restricted from new employment, providing another reason for workers to not report abusive employers (p. 6). Zachary Marshall (2015), a Researcher at the Department of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario, states that this vulnerability linked to mobility issues
Shandra Woworuntu lived in Indonesia but in 1998 the country was hit by the Asian financial crisis, and the country was thrown into political turmoil. She was unemployed and needed to support her family when she saw an ad in the local newspaper for a career in hotels located in the US, China, and Japan. She paid a 2,700$ fee and underwent a long recruitment process with multiple interviews. After all the tests and interviews, she took the job and she was promised to make at least 5,000$ a month and that she would be back home to her daughter in six months. When she arrived in the US start her new career in the hotel industry, she horribly realized that something was wrong and that she had been trafficked into a world of prostitution and sexual slavery, forced drug-taking and violence (“Shandra
Kalpona Akter was a former garment worker and labor organizer from Bangladesh who worked long days and night at clothing factories to help pay for her father’s medical bills and make ends meet for her family. Her wages were not enough, but she had no other choice. As years went by, her mother grew tired and could no longer work at the factory and so her brother had to fill in for her. Akter would cut the fabric layers with scissors and she would mention how she would have to cut thousands of pieces a day. Cutting nonstop for almost fourteen hours a day grew into longer days and nights. Women from her country live in densely populated areas where family incomes were extremely low. Labor providers include men and children as well who work all
In recent years, America’s attention has been gripped by stories of women who have escaped from the Middle East. Each has a unique story, but they all have the same themes of oppression, abuse, and domination. Americans rushed onto the scene ready to “save” Middle Eastern women and many of the activists are now been highly praised for the influence they made in the region. Others, however, have come to question whether the Muslim women in the Middle East really needed the U.S. to rescue them from Islam. *Insert Thesis*
1), report that TFWs in the Gulf States face “the kafala system, an oppressive employment system that quashes worker mobility by forcing migrant workers to continue their employment relationship with abusive employers” (ADHRB, 2014, pg. 5) and that “[TFWs] often find themselves given wages at a less-than-subsistence level, or can even have their wages completely withheld for up to years at a time...Runaways are labeled illegal, and can be detained for years or deported at their own expense” (ADHRB, 2014, pg. 6). “There is a general unawareness about the plight of migrant workers among police and the public ... [TFWs], who are often viewed negatively and blamed for stealing jobs from native Bahrainis ... are often themselves blamed for the abuses that they suffer. In order for meaningful change to occur, attitudes that are more compassionate to migrant workers need to be encouraged among the general public” (ADHRB, 2014, pg.
Domestic servitude is, in fact, slavery and a part of human trafficking, because wealthy foreign diplomats and officials treat those domestic workers like slaves. By doing so, they cripple their freedom, which means that they may not leave unless instructed to do so, and unless being ordered, they are not allowed to do anything either. Neglecting orders or doing something against the employer’s wishes will make them susceptible to physical abuse, like beatings, by the owner. In fact, the domestic worker usually lives in an unsafe environment, such as basements and small utility rooms with a tiny living
Indeed, employees in SAWP are often unaware of the rights they are entitled to them. Furthermore, some of these rights, like their labour and health, are commodified. Moreover, due to the limitations of the workers to search employment elsewhere, workers are typically stuck with their employer. The lack of the threat of employees leaving, in turn, leads to many incidents related to health and safety being unreported. Furthermore, emphasis on the work done by SAWP migrants being low-skilled work, they are in turn easily replaceable. If they get ill and cannot work long hours required for the job or refuse jobs that will risk their health and safety, they are easily dismissed (Hennebry, 2015, p. 535). Although the employer is required to
Dia De Los Reyes is a Spanish name of the Christian holiday of Epiphany. Across Latin America and in Spain, this day is known as “Three Kings Day” as well as “Day of the Wise Men.” This holiday marks the end of the merry Christmas season, which started on December 16 with the holiday of Posadas. Depending on a tradition or a country, this holiday is celebrated either on January 6 or January 7. Also, across the countries it has different names: in some countries it is known as Los Reyes Magos, in others it is known as El Dia De Reyes, etc. This paper looks into how this holiday is celebrated in Spanish-speaking communities both in Latin America and in the Unites States.
Westerners often hear of how oppressed women are in Saudi Arabia. As a result, one might expect these women to be vocal about their challenges living in such a country. However, contrary to the assumption that they are unhappy, they are quick to defend their country, saying that their often overbearing abayas are parts of their tradition. These women say that they still enjoy freedoms and that “[i]t is Western women… who have been manipulated into becoming the toys of men” (Kristof 272). Even so, they still receive unequal treatment from men. Saudi women journalists must stay in their own rooms when they work while men do not. Because of these types of segregated and deleterious practices, Nicholas Kristof argues in his essay “Saudis in Bikinis” that the West is not being paternalistic in trying to advocate for women’s rights in Saudi Arabia; they are trying to free women who have never tasted true liberty. It is