The Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor

Ecological factors that encourage the Anopheles mosquito, and thus also encourage the prevalence of malaria include: being near the equator, densely populated areas, warmer temperatures, standing water, maintaining water for irrigation and deforested areas. (Holy p.1)

Type 1 diabetes is well known disease, some of us or someone we know are the victim of this chronic illness. There are controversial explanation such as, genetic susceptibility and in contrary, environmental factors that are viral infection, prenatal and neonatal influence, nitrate in drinking water, (Norris et al, 2003) early exposure to cow’s milk towards why the immune system destroy the insulin producing beta cell. In this essay, I will be discussing about the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes and how it affect the homeostasis of our normal functioning body. In subject to Carol, I will be explaining the signs and symptoms of the illness and also the possible effects to her developing foetus and herself.

Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty-eight to seventy-two hours, the blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.

Diabetes type one is classified as a worldwide disease that occurs at any age. Most often, diabetes type one usually develop at the beginning of adolescence. The American Diabetes Association explains the important relationship between insulin relating to diabetes type one in an individuals. Diabetes typically happens when the body has trouble producing insulin. “Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy that is needed for daily life. With the help of insulin therapy and other treatments, even young children can learn to manage their condition and live long, healthy lives”. The human body contains a series of systems that have different functions that help with everyday activities. According

Plasmodium a single-cell parasitic protozoa is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected female Anopheles species mosquitoes. This can lead to potentially fatal parasites, rapidly multiplying in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting in symptoms arising from cycles of fevers, chills, severe headaches, vomiting, jaundice and diarrhoea. One major disastrous symptom includes sweats accompanied by anaemia, cause damages to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to the brain, which could result in incurable illness leading to fatal death. In very severe cases it can cause seizures, comas or even death. Symptoms usually present between ten to fifteen days after the initial infection. Unlike other diseases, Malaria can represent in people months or even years later. Death rate is approximately 1%-5% due to the spread of Malaria in Afghanistan, affecting each and everyone.

Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. The saliva of the mosquito enters through the blood stream and then goes into the liver, where the parasites grow and reproduce. The typical symptoms of malaria are fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In more severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, comas or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If it is not properly treated, the disease may come up again months later. Malaria can only be transported through an already infected mosquito or if you get infected blood during a transfusion. It can also be transported from a mother to baby during pregnancy. Mosquitoes can get infected from biting an already infected human or animal. The bite of an infected mosquito goes into the bloodstream and into the red blood cells. The

Defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary, "Malaria is a kind of intermittent and remittent disease that spreads into the red blood cells of a human being once coming in contact with the disease." The parasite is a part and prime focus of the disease, then sets in the red blood cells and damages the entire human body (Webb 281). Malaria is a disease that was not as common in the old world as it is in the new world. Due to rampant progression in transport and infrastructure, the threat of malaria has increased staggeringly. This is because malaria is effective in any given population.

Malaria is considered the most important vector-borne infectious disease in the world, which is caused by a species of the Plasmodium parasite, and transmitted by female Anopheles spp mosquitoes.2,10,12

Malaria is one of those diseases that have stood the test of time, and still of major concern in many regions of the world, especially in tropical areas. It is an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades red blood cells. Malaria affects approximately two hundred and fifty million people annually, with the morbidity burden felt most in the tropics. Children under the ages of five and pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa are the groups most affected by this disease. Malaria is the leading cause of death from parasitic infection worldwide, with approximately one million deaths each year. Most of these deaths occur in Africa, followed by South East Asia.

Around 300-600 million people suffer from malaria each year, and over one million people die from this disease every year, mostly children younger than five. This disease is endemic to over 100 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and the South Pacific, almost 40% of the world population. Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transferred by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The most deadly form of malaria is known as Plasmodium falciparum because almost all deaths from malaria are caused by this specific one. In addition to being the deadliest form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum destroys red blood cells along with causing complications with the kidneys, lungs, and brain. In more serious cases, it

Malaria is a life-threatening disease that is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted from female mosquitos when they bite a human. The plasmodium parasite can also be transmitted by blood products like unclean needles or unscreened blood. There are five parasite species (Plasmodium, falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae) that cause malaria in humans, and two of these species, P. falciparum and P. vivax, are the greatest threat (see Figure 1). The severity of malaria is based on the species of plasmodium. The symptoms people experience include chills, fever, and sweating usually occurring within a few weeks after being bitten. In the United States, it is a very rare disease with fewer than 20,000 cases per year, and is treatable by a medical professional. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 88% of malaria cases and 90% of malaria deaths. P. falciparum is the most prevalent parasite on the African continent and is responsible for most malaria-related deaths globally. P. vivax is more widely distributed than P. falciparum and predominates in most countries outside of Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, resistance of P. falciparum started in medicines, such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP). Drug resistance has been implicated in the spread of malaria to new areas and re-emergence of malaria in areas where the disease had been eradicated. Population movement has introduced resistant parasites to areas previously free of drug resistance. Resistance is

In 2012, the recent statistics provided by World Health Organisation showed approximately 207 million cases of malaria worldwide and an estimation of 627000 deaths (WHO, 2014). It also displayed that mortality rate of the disease has globally declined by 42% but in African region, the mortality rate of malaria is about 49%, which is a slight difference when compared to the worldwide mortality rate (WHO, 2014). Statistics showed that most mortality occur amongst children residing in Africa, in which a child “dies every minute from malaria” (WHO, 2014). Although there have been an advancement in knowledge relating to the disease, it is continuously a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world.

There are five main types of Malaria are P. falciparum (the most fatal and common), P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi (“What is Malaria”, 2016). This parasitic infection is characterized upon infection by signs and symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, myalgia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, anemia and even jaundice (Singh et al., 2016).If not promptly treated, the infection can become severe and may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death (Singh et al., 2016). Malaria is transmitted by the mosquito bite of a female Anopheles misquoted during a blood meal. Once this bite occurred there are two separate life cycle that proceed because Malaria is transmitted through previous blood meal taken from an infected person, this is why the lifecycle of Malaria in two different host come from. In the first blood meal and infected female Anopheles bites a human and in the process expels sporozoites into the human which travel directly to the liver and consequently infecting liver cells (Hahn & Pottinger, 2016).. Within the liver cells the sporozoites develop into schizonts which eventually mature into merozoites. Eventually the proliferation of merozoites causes the liver cells to rupture and release merzoites into the blood stream. These meroziotes then attack red blood cells within the body,

Fig. 2. Affinities of regular insulin, lispro, and IGF-I for the insulin receptor and IGF-I receptor (4).

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.