The Integration Of Computers And Software Tools

Decision support systems are ideally interactive systems that allow the decision making physician to come to the conclusion based on a host of information pulled from data bases, personal knowledge, predesigned modals etc. Decision support systems have many benefits such as; patient-time efficiency, speed up process of decision making, promotes learning and training, reveals new approaches in thought process, generates new evidence in support of a decision and encourages exploration and discovery of the decision maker (Bosworth, York, Kotansky, & Berman, 2011). Although these systems require end user expertise, correct inputs and appropriate modals, they also require vast and exstenive information. Immunoinformatics are used to compile vast amounts of data for the immunology field (De Groot A. , Immunomics: discovering new targets for vaccines and therapeutics , 2006). This data includes genetic mapping, protein structures, cytometry data and many other data pools needed by immunologists to make correct decisions. Immunoinformatics face to challenge of compiling this enormous amounts of data in an organised and correct way. This data needs to be mapped into correct diagnostic modals for the physician to use in their decision support system (Barh, Misra, & Kumar, 2010). This data leads to new ways of hypothesis testing for immune responses

There was a broad consensus for five priority areas for future research, to integrate approaches across different technologies and to include diverse populations for future human studies. There is a need for creating new collaborations with versatile teams that combine bioinformatics, genetics, molecular biology, and cell physiology.

Thus an interdisciplinary approach should be utilized as a broad range of scientific discipline from biochemistry to informatics which will help us to identify and understand the mechanism for cancer progression and its prognosis. With the rapid changes in the technology, there has been various challenges which have come into the picture due to regulatory oversight and legislation. One of the major challenges is to manage large amount of data generated via assays thus it requires massive computational resources for data storage, processing and interpretation. Certain informatics resources such as ClinGen and ClinVar database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has provided us with easily accessible data. The identification and routine deployment of molecular markers to improve classification of indeterminate lesions will be of great benefit to patients and surgeons and will reduce costs to the health care system by limiting unnecessary surgical procedures. More multidisciplinary research, closer collaborations is required between drug and cancer biomarker developers, clinicians, biologists, biostaticians and IT professionals, so to develop cancer biomarkers to improve patient outcome as well as to help the clinician in rapid clinical decision

On a molecular level protein structures and gene sequences is used to determine the evolutionary relationship with the random mutations in our genes. Our genes contain instruction to create protein which

Ray, S., Koshy, N. R., Reddy, P. J., & Srivastava, S. (2012). Virtual Labs in Proteomic: New E-learning tools. JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 75, 2515 - 2525.

Having completed the Human Genome Project, scientists now seek to uncover the secrets of the human proteome (Begley 1). It is "guesstimated" that the proteome, meaning all the proteins, will involve up to 1000 times more data than the genome did. But this again brings us to the question: What will the scientific and medical communities do with all this information?

These domains will enhance the way we practice medicine because there is so much information and knowledge being produce from all the data that is being collected and analyzed by translational bioinformatics. Translational bioinformatics is the area of biomedical informatics that has to do with collecting data from various databases. The data collected is stored and analyzed to produce information and knowledge about a disease or a health related issue

In addition, The Human Genome Project was created to find all of the 20,000 to 25,000 human genes, and to create physical and genetic maps of the human genome. Additionally, the project also researched many other organisms that can guide medical research. The way genes are organized, provides many new practices for medicine and advances. Let alone, the study of genes from one organism can provide a lot of new information about other organisms. The HGP was also created to find new tools for data analysis in order to find new information in an organized

The field of genomics is quickly and steadily gaining momentum in the field of systematics. Based on an organism’s genetics, it applies novel methods of DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to sequence, construct, and analyze the structure, and consequently, the function, of entire genomes, using the resulting genetic information from different specimens in fine-scale genetic mapping. Advancements in other fields such as human biomedicine may also be dependent on progress made in genomics, especially unresolved problems focused on changes in genes triggered or disrupted in development, susceptibility to infectious disease, mechanisms of DNA recombination and genome plasticity which cannot be adequately interpreted without a precise evolutionary context or hierarchy.

The genetic code can be defined as a series of rules that determine how genetic material is translated into proteins. Specifically, it refers to the correspon- dence between a particular amino acid and a group of codons [8]. The first amino acid-codon association to be uncovered was phenylalanine and the codon con- sisting of three uracil ribonucleotides [9]. A monu- mental achievement of modern science, the unravel- ing of this code has allowed researchers to synthesize proteins using transcriptional machinery. Human in- sulin, for example, is synthesized for pharmaceutical use by applying this knowledge [13]. Questions on the origins of this newly-deciphered code, however, remained unanswered.

The genome is the total genetic information carried by an organism. The 10K Genomes Initiative was the plan to sequence all DNA from 10000 species. The Human Genome Project established databases and refined analytical software to make data available on the Internet. Bioinformatics and genomics are two terms that are often hashed up. While bioinformatic is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data, genomics is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions the two are often confused. Next-Generation Sequencing is the different modern sequencing technologies. NCBI genbank is the NCBI database of sequences. Systems biology is used to define gene circuits and protein interaction networks. A

In the past two decades, technological advances in the biomedical and genomic fields have generated enormous volumes of -omics data. These data continue to be scattered in various databases accessible through the World Wide Web (Table 1), there have been some significant efforts to integrate these to answer specific questions (e.g., candidate disease gene prioritization1, tissue-specific interaction networks2, etc.). Concomitant with the development of specialized powerful gene and protein and disease variant annotation databases, there has been an explosion in the number of publications in the scientific literature. For example, in October 2015, there were approximately 43000 journals in PubMed (ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pubmed/J_Entrez.txt) and more than 21.5 million PubMed abstracts. Collectively, these resources represent different facets and also our current knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms. These heterogeneous and humongous data resources have spurred the demand for development of robust and efficient computational approaches to store, process, integrate, analyze, interpret and generate novel hypotheses.

The ENCODE Project seeks to determine the functionality of the elements of the human genome. ENCODE has their own definition of functionality, which includes any discrete genome segment that encodes a defined product or displays a reproducible biochemical signature. With the rapidly degrading definition of the gene in recent years due to insights from projects like ENCODE and the discovery of pervasive genomic transcription, the ENCODE definition of functionality could be the key to determining the new definition of a gene. Historically, a gene indicated a piece of DNA which ultimately had a protein product,

Synthetic biology provides the ability to make specific modifications to the genome of a model organism and to use this as a tool to study and understand the fundamental biological processes of microorganisms, plants and animals and apply this knowledge to create novel products. One of the major application is that these findings will expand the biological repertoire available for the designing of new genetic pathways, proteins and cells to manipulate biological reactions that normally occur. The current ambition is to create a database of shared standardised parts that will be used to manipulate DNA. An example is the BioBricks Foundation which provides open access to DNA sequences for cloning and expression of different nucleic acids and proteins. The information that BioBricks provides, is shared through iGEM the annual international competition to students from across the world who want to do research and give solutions to real world problems, such as environmental pollution. (Synthetic Biology: opportunities for Scotland, 2014)

THE Cellular process is bad for health are made and ran by the expression of more than one genes in a network of same complicated signaling pathways, staying of many physical and functional interactions.not like the stable genome structure, the moving represents a gigantic challenge for the quantitative mapping out protein interactions . The circuit includes nuclear receptors, dna binding proteins and processes. Genome variation includes somatic and inherited mutations,Each human cell acts as a tiny but way more complicated computer, but a specific understanding of the biological properties underneath its properties is still lacking. or kill it unbelievable 4 of the that are mentioned steps . Coming together next gen