The Intelligence Gathering And Counterterrorism Measures Undergone After The 1998 Bombings

Due to increasing inter-ethnic violence combined with a long history of political violence, Kenya has been described as a “volatile political and social environment”(QUOTE). Furthermore, high youth unemployment and widespread poverty motivate and entice individuals to seek out terrorist groups to join. These elements intertwined with the institutionalisation of political violence, have been identified as the specific causes of political violence in Kenya. To avoid the recurrence of political violence, the strategy was to re-examine the legal measures available and focus especially on humans rights and democratisation. As Kenneth Roth, an executive director of Human Rights Watch, states, “For Kenya to overcome the legacies of political violence, it has only two choices: justice or impunity”(QUOTE). Moreover, in order for citizens to have a better future, victims and the socioeconomic causes of political violence must be addressed. In other words, there has to be an emphasis placed on rehabilitation and “tackling poverty and inequality . . . particularly among youth”(QUOTE). With the adoption of these preventive elements in political violence and counter-terrorism strategies, Kenya has an opportunity to confront past injustices and bring about substantial

Using the concepts of security, terrorism and risk learnt in this unit, critically evaluate the record of global counter-terrorism measures since the 9/11 attacks.

The 9/11 terror attacks is one of the historical and fatal events that changed the United States of America forever, especially in relation to terrorists and terrorism. While these concepts were on the minds of very few people in America's population before the attacks, the 9/11 incident made terrorism to become one of the major concerns for the whole nation. This is despite of the fact that they were carried out in New York City, Washington, and parts of Pennsylvania. Since it was a major concern, the terror attacks dominated all kinds of media and contributed to increased security measures for average Americans. Moreover, terrorism currently provides a major threat to global security that any time in American and global history (Dyson, 2001, p.3). As a result, it has become a fundamental aspect for law enforcement agencies and their initiatives, particularly with the rapid technological advancements.

So far, terrorism has been a key obstacle to many foreign nations, as they are struggling to prevent terrorist attacks. From the year of 1997 up to the year of 2003, international terrorist attacks have gone from less than 500 to almost 3000. Overall, global terrorism has grown by almost 1200% from 1997 to 2003. (Johnston 1). This massive increase in terrorism reflects on other nations' lack of control of the safety of their nation. These statistics also show that something needs to be done to protect the

Terrorism has never been in the States; only in third world countries. Since 9/11-2001 is has been a reality and ongoing nightmare and hit close to home. The attack on the World Trade Centers in New York was a wakeup call. United States has been on high alert ever since, waiting for the next possible Terrorists attack. This paper will explain why terrorism is a law enforcement concern as well as how terrorism is considered a crime. At last the paper will state some recommendations that the American Criminal Justice should do, to better prepare for future crimes.

Brian Jenkins (1998) offers a practical solution to the problem: terrorists are not typical criminals. They commit crimes for political purposes. When captured by security forces, they are not usually prosecuted as terrorists but charged with the crimes they commit. Terrorists strike targets for political purposes in a given situation, using crime as an incidental tactic. When terrorists cross national boundaries, they become international terrorists. Furthermore, terrorists are not exceptionally creative; they use a limited array of weapons and tactics.

(2008). Policing Terrorism: An Executive's Guide (Cooperative Agreement No. 2007-CK-WX-K008). Retrieved from http://ct2learn.com/els/resources/ebooks/policing-terrorism-executives-guide/view-policing-terrorism-executives-guide/ Part 4: “Terrorism”. (n.d.).

I feel that the government didn’t believe that the United States would ever see the act of terrorism happen here on US soil. I feel that they believed that Al Qaeda or Bin Laden was not a big threat because it was not a major topic and no one was even talking about the issue of terrorism before the year of 2001.

Since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the United States (US) government has focused on terrorism as the biggest threat to stability and national security in the homeland. There have been controversial laws enacted which tested an individual’s Constitutional rights versus the security of the country as a whole, military engagements in foreign countries designed to stop terrorism overseas before reaching the homeland, and a number of law enforcement and government initiatives implemented to identify and investigate terrorists before they commit acts of terrorism or pursue material support activities in support of terrorism. Federal law enforcement agencies have been criticized recently for failing to predict when homegrown violent extremists

To conclude, acts of terrorism both international or domestic in the United States show the issue of security and the problems it can cause. The event of the Boston Marathon Bombing only supports my claim, offenders were already in the country and committed such a monstrous crime. This paper explored the events surrounding the Boston Marathon bombing incident, strategies taken during investigation and prosecution. The Coordinated efforts of various local, state, and federal during the investigation and apprehension of the suspects while also ensuring the safety of the public at the same time played a significant role. Whether or not the actions of law enforcement were conducted properly and were ethical was examined. Following the investigation,

It is taking actions to address the problem and eliminate such heinous acts. Undertaking such an arduous task of reforming the implementation of preventing domestic terrorist attacks is raising serious controversy between political parties, not to mention questions of accountability and effective responsiveness to the problem. Pointing fingers and labeling the extremist with politically inflammatory terminology such as “extreme right wing” or “extreme conservatives,” is distracting from the real issues of coordinating intergovernmental collaboration and cooperation, structural and procedural reform, clarifying policy goals, centralizing information gathered and communicating efficiently between organizations, and utilizing technology and other resources to the government's advantage in this war on terrorism. These issues are not small challenges for the government, particularly the administrators involved in every organization at every level. In order to win this war and overcome, the players involved must tackle the challenges in front of them and implement effective and efficient

Our presence in the Middle East as a result of the September 11th terrorist attacks, has escalated tensions among our western society and the Islamic ruled countries in the Middle East. The increasing strains on foreign relationships has caused the U.S. to increase its military size, promote security for the well-being of the American people, fund counterterrorism projects, and increase the budget of the Department of Defense.

This paper talks about the Ansar al-dine terrorist organization, giving a brief background on how the group was formed, the leader of the terrorist organization, the tactics, techniques & procedures and the goals & objectives. The primary area that Ansar al- dine conducts their operations is in Mali, Africa. The primary focus of this paper is how Ansar Al-Dine functions within Mali. Throughout the paper we will identify the condition and effects of the Political, Military, Economics, Social, Information, Infrastructure, Physical Environment, and Time (PMESII-PT) variables in Mali. The paper will also explain Human Intelligence (HUMINT) response to the effects of each category of (PMESII-PT), in order to overcome issues and successfully conduct HUMINT Intelligence Operations in Mali. At the end of the paper an overall summery explaining if human intelligence operations will work in Mali, where Ansar Al dine operates. A reference page is also provided for further research.

As a direct consequence of September 11, a number of substantial challenges lie ahead in the area of counter-terrorism..   The most prominent of these is the changing nature of the terrorism phenomenon.  In past years, when terrorism was largely the product of direct state sponsorship, policymakers were able to diminish prospects for the United States becoming a target using a combination of diplomatic and military instruments to deter potential state sponsors.  Today, however, many terrorist organizations and individuals act independently from former and present state sponsors, shifting to other sources of support, including the development of transnational networks.

Over the years there have been significant changes in how terrorism is carried out. With the changes in how terrorism is carried out there have also been dramatic changes in how countries counter terrorist attacks. The modifications in the way a country counters these terrorist attacks affects international relations of these countries. These issues bring about the question of how have counter terrorism methods affected international relations. To answer this question several things must be addressed which are, methodology, history of terrorism, and a literature review of multiple authors that have discussed this subject.