The International Society Of Blood Transfusion ( Isbt )

There are four blood types found in humans. These are A blood type which has the genotype either AA or AO, B blood type which has the genotype either BB or BO, AB blood type which has the genotype AB, and O blood type which has the genotype OO. These genotypes show a combination of complete dominance and codominance. A and B traits are dominant to the recessive O trait, however, the A trait is codominant to the B trait. Each blood type codes for certain antigens. A blood codes for the A surface antigen, B blood codes for the B surface antigen, AB blood codes for both the A and B surface antigen, and O blood does not code for a surface antigen. Therefore to determine one’s blood type a test can be performed

The general charactertics of blood are color, composition, and pH. The composition of blood is determined by collecting blood from a person then it’s placed in a centrifuge which shows plasma is 55% of whole blood and 45 % is erythrocytes. Another name for red blood cells is erythrocytes which are small sacs of blood that carry oxygen and

t all began in 1818 according to the Blood Centers of the Pacific the first recorded successful human blood transfusion was accomplished during this era. However due to the lack of knowledge and research, it was followed by many blood transfusion failures. But 80 years later, scientists discovered that our red blood cells are different from one another, which was the cause of many incompatibilities blood transfusions in the 1800's. Due to this four blood types were identified - A, B, AB and O. This discovery revolutionized hematology and led the way for successful blood transfusions.

For this experiment student will identify the individual blood types through the antigen and antibody reaction by using the anti- A, Anti- B and Anti- Rh serums we will be able to identify the different types of blood. Red blood cells also known as erythrocyte are small cells shaped like an oval however they have a plasma membrane but no nucleus. Hemoglobin is the protein that allows the red blood cells to bind easily with oxygen. While hematopoiesis is known as blood cell formation. The independent variable would be the Red blood cells. While the dependent variable would be the Antibodies and the antigens

To explain the ABO and Rh blood groups and to identify the universal donor and the universal acceptor (recipient).

A 13 year old is studying blood in school, and has asked some questions that haven't been answered in class. I will answer

To test the blood, we first dropped two drops of blood into two spots in a micro-well plate, then we added the appropriate serum to both and mixed with a small stick. One side was labeled A, for the A Anti-Serum, and one was labeled B. If the A blood clotted it meant that the A antigen was found, and likewise with B. If both clotted the blood type was AB, and if neither clotted the blood was type O. Some errors made

The proteins of Bovine red blood cell (RBC) membranes were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After analyzing Bovine RBC they were then compared to human RBC counterpart. Following finding the log of each molecular weight of each band, band one showed the highest molecular weight. All five bands viewed were from humans. There are typically 7 bands visible however, in our case only five were visible due to implications within the gel sample.

In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( – ). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients.

In 1910 Dr. James B. Herrick published a paper identifying an abnormal shape of RBCs. He took care of a young dental student by the name of Walter Clement Noel; he was admitted into the hospital for episodes of pain and anemia like symptoms. Samples of his blood were

Individuals having the “weak D” phenotype (Du) have low levels of expression of the D antigen. This phenotype is the result of an amino acid substitution that affects the insertion of the protein into the RBC membrane. However, all epitopes are present, so these individuals are not in danger of antibody formation following transfusion with D-positive blood. In contrast, in persons having the “partial D” phenotype, a hybrid protein that lacks several epitopes is produced. Therefore, if those having the “partial-D” phenotype receive D-positive blood, they may produce an immune response to the missing epitope, causing a transfusion reaction.

Tissue sample presented with large population of B cells, labelled with CD20, in follicles and macrophages labelled with CD68 were also visible in the intrafollicular zone, both are indicative of a humoral immune response.

Rh incompatibility happens when the mother has a RH negative blood and the baby has a RH positive blood. During pregnancy the baby’s blood can travel through the mother’s bloodstream especially when the mother delivering the baby, if the mother has a negative blood and the baby is positive then the mother’s body will react to the baby’s blood as an alien substance. The mother body’s will start to create an antibodies for this foreign substance, for the first baby these antibodies will not cause him any problem because he’s already delivered before these antibodies is finished. However, these antibodies will make a problem for the second and third baby if they were a RH positive blood, because these antibodies will attack the blood cells of

Blood grouping involves the use of ABO system as described by Karl Landsteiner. The grouping came into existence in the year 1900 after discovery by Nobel Prize winner Karl Landsteiner. He first discovered three blood types A, B, and O, but after two years he discovered the fourth blood group AB. This discovery led to four major types of blood that includes A, AB, B and O. The grouping depends on the presence of two chief antigens and antibodies. The two antigens responsible for blood grouping include A and B while the antibodies include anti-A and anti-B. The combination of the two antigens and antibodies thus determines the blood types. The blood type A has antigen A and antibody anti-B. The blood group B express Antigen B and antibody anti-A (Reid and Lomas, 2004). Blood group O express no antigen but possess antibodies

The blood is categorised as a connective tissue which is one of the primary tissues found in our bodies. Connective tissue are made of tendons and ligaments that connect the tissue together, as well as bone and cartilage to support the body. This is why connective tissues are described as tissues that protect organs and maintain the form of the body. Blood is classified as this type of tissue because the blood has the same origin as the other connective tissue types and the other reason is because the body like the tissue connects the systems of the body together transporting nutrients, energy, and excreting waste products.