OSPF is one of the most popular interior gateway protocols. It gathers updates from other link-state routers and combines them to create a map of the network. OSPF was developed in 1988, after RIP began running into technical issues with larger networks. While OSPF has been around for almost 30 years, it is still widely used today, and is still one of the best IGP 's available.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed OSPF as a solution to the technically flawed RIP routing protocol. In 1988, they formed a group to research and develop a new routing protocol based on the link-state algorithm, which was more suited towards modern networks. Under the development of ARPAnet, some research had already been conducted on the link-state algorithm. The IETF named the new protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). Its name is relatively self-explanatory: The word open refers to open source, allowing everyone to use it without proper licensing. The SPF portion points to the shortest path first, based on the link-state algorithm it uses. The link-state algorithm was designed to allow routers to determine the shortest path between any two networks. The original version of OSPF, described in RFC 1131, was published in October of 1989. There have been several more iterations of the OSPF protocol, namely OSPF version 2, published in July of 1991 (Kozierok). OSPF differs from its predecessor, RIPv1, in many ways (including several upgrades to the algorithm itself). Updates are
But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,
A: OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. The main aim of the OSI layer is to implement protocols of a networking framework.
• “Application - The Application Layer is the layer that most network users are exposed to, and is the level at which human communication happens. HTTP, FTP, and SMTP are examples of the application layer protocols the Patton-Fuller will now be utilizing for communicating electronically” (Network Design, 2012).
The Router protocols implemented will be a OSPF which stands for (open shortest path first). Because of the large network being introduced this protocol will be the most useful. This protocol operates on Internal Gateway Protocols by routing the most direct path and using the bandwidth most optimally. This not only reduces the use of
The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is a set of specifications that allow computers around the world to openly communicate. It is pivotal to understanding and developing computer to computer communications in a network. Each layer plays a role in the process of sending and receiving data. The application layer is the top layer (layer seven) it promotes communication between programs and lower-layer network services. The services at this layer allow the network to decipher a program's request and the program to decipher data sent from the network. The Application layer protocols, programs handles formatting, procedure, security, synchronization, and any other requirements with the network. The Presentation Layer (layer 6) acts as a translator. For instance these protocols decode the jpg/jpeg files sent within the Web server’s HTTP response. So, in the last step (the Application layer) we enter the Web address and it took us to the Web site. This step allows us to see the images and content of the site. The Session Layer (layer 5) regulates and controls the communication between two nodes on the network. It is an ongoing exchange of data between the two and keeps the connection between them for the duration. It keeps the communication secure, detects whether or not the communication has been cut off and if it has it determines where to restart the
AODV are utilized, instead of broadcasting data packets, S start off a route discovery protocol that requires broadcasting smaller Route Request
The OSI Model is a model is used to define how data is theoretically passed on a network. Each layer is responsible and has its own duties for a network. The name of layer 3 in the OSI is the Network Layer. This layer is responsible for creating the paths for the transmission of data across the network. This layer provides routing and switching capabilities, as well as, internetworking, congestion control, and packet sequencing (Beal, 1999).
As we all know, the growth of computer networks continues to rapidly grow. The digital revolution has changed the way we work and communicate almost beyond recognition. Provided that, foreseeing the changes and potential compatibility problems, in the mid nineteen eighties, the international standard organization (ISO) developed a networking reference model to standardize how network systems communicate with each other. It is a logical model for how network systems are supposed to communicate with each other. It breaks down the different components of the network communication and puts them into layers which reduce complexity. This reference model consists of seven layers: Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, and the Physical Layer. Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification and then communicates with the same layer’s software or hardware on other computers. It's important to realize, that these layers are separated into 2 sets: Transportation Set (Laters 1- 4) and Application Set (Layers 5 – 7). More importantly, the OSI model is 7 logical
| Given a network topology of three or more routers with bandwidth designations, compare the metrics used during the route selection process and the resulting routing tables generated by the DUAL and SPF algorithms.
Area Border Router (ABR): An OSPF router with interfaces connected to the backbone area and to at least one other area
decided by this protocol. This protocol can be used to send data over various area networks like
To complete these tasks successfully, BGP was designed to run over a reliable transport protocol, which is why it uses TCP as it is a connection-oriented protocol (specifically port 179) [2]. TCP also allows eliminates the need for BGP to implement explicit update information, retransmissions, acknowledgements, and sequencing [3].The current version that is being used since roughly 1995 is version 4. This version introduced numerous new BGP features and extensions to allow it to forward routing information to the protocol address families IPv4, IPv6, and CLNS [2]. This way the extensions allow all internet protocols to be valid connecting all networks across the world.
The OSI model was introduced in 1984. Although it was designed to be an abstract model, the OSI model remains a practical framework for today's key network technologies like Ethernet and protocols like IP.
The networking applications of the OSI model are mail, web, file transfer, management, and remote connections.
The networking applications of the OSI model are mail, web, file transfer, management, remote connections .