The Internet Protocol

IPv6 is more flexible in using protocols which, are mainly defined as the Request for Comment (RFC) that we discussed in the discussions. Protocols are defined in the RFC, but the name of the protocol will be something like Internet Protocol, Internet Control Message Protocol, Telnet Protocol, and many more. The reason why these Protocols are more flexible in the IPv6 is for one, the IPv6 is a newer technology than the IPv4, and the IPv6 also has more functionality and allows more flexibility in the protocols, whereas the

But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

In 2003, as an outcome of all the sentinel events reported to the Joint commission lead to the creation of the “The Universal protocol for preventing wrong site, wrong procedures, and wrong person surgery” (Mulloy & Hughes 2008). So, one of the ways that could have potentially prevented the situation from happening at the first place was implementing the universal protocol procedure. According to the protocol the conduction of proper pre as well as post-operating procedures are extremely mandatory. Therefore, by enforcing a standardized routine pre-operating procedure such as verifying the patient as well as the correct site for the procedure, by having the medical staff or preferably the physician marking the operating site with his or her initials before the surgery will be an effective preventive measure (Mulloy & Hughes 2008).

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks. It is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP), that is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet. It was the first version deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983. It still used to routing most Internet traffic today, eventhough we have the next version of it,IPv6.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are the basic communication protocols, which were designed to provide low level support for internetworking. This term is generally also used to refer to a more generalised collection of protocols developed by the internet community and U.S. Department of Defence.

The Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of ten thousands of interconnected networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in people's homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its roots lie in a collection of computers that were linked together in the 1970s to form the US Department of Defense's communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the information was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of protocols, known as TCP/IP was

Over the course of the next twenty years it was mainly utilized by the United States military and government to communicate with each other during the “cold war” with the Soviet Union, and the allies of the United States. By 1982 the concept and use of the Internet had been reshaped by the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). (CNN.org) The idea eventually evolved and was adapted by the United States in 1986, when the Internet Protocol Suite expanded and began to provide access to supercomputer sites for research and educational organizations. The internet further evolved by the mid-1990’s into the mass commercial use we see today, with many early use restrictions lifted. Since then the Internet has continued to expand and continues to advance. (Wikipedia.org)

Our proposed voice over internet protocol (VOIP) phone system is powered by Cisco. It is consist of several hardware and software devices. The most basic piece of hardware to be used is the Cisco PBX. This device cost $6000. It supports a surplus of over 1000 extensions. The company has got an approximate 120 users of the old IP telephony system. In this regard three Cisco catalyst switch (POE) 48 ports will be needed. Such a switch cost $893.93 each. Three EnGenius EGS7252FP switches will be interconnected with trunk ports along each other supporting 144 VOIPS extensions in the network. (amazon, 2015)

to the continued growth of the Internet. IPv6 was first known as the Next Generation

IP6 as a protocol has not been universally adopted yet, but it will be, and by that time many early adopters will have switched to whatever is better and newer. All of this, including the possibly trillions of tiny nodes on line from connected devices will function because Internet routers and packet switchers are now capable of sorting traffic by type and size. So although traffic will increase capacity will increase alongside it (Schwartz 8-8). The world is imagined as totally connected with a monumental network of interactive devices to control everything from our home systems and appliances to parking meters and car systems ("App Central.").Tech companies are looking to sell more devices. Other companies want to ride the wave of profit and customers simply want all the new gadgetry to make life easier, or at least more interesting.

DHCP is one of the most commonly implemented network protocols in the world which is used to assign IP addresses to the clients automatically. DHCP reduces work of network Administrator from going to each and every workstation in the network to assign IP address. In addition, DHCP reduces IP addresses conflict issue. DHCP protocol uses 4 different packets that are exchanged between client and server to assign an IP address automatically. In order to examine DHCP packets, Wireshark will be used.

Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams may arrive in a seemingly random order of chunks that the receiving IP entity must continuously collect until it can reconstruct the original datagram. Consider that the receiving IP entity possesses a buffer for assembling the original datagram's data field. The buffer will comprise of chunks of data and "holes" between them corresponding to data not yet received.

The TCP/IP protocols are the heart and soul of the Internet, and they describe the fundamental rules that govern all communications in the network. The original address system of the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed IPv6 to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. However, IPv6 is not foreseen to supplant IPv4 instantaneously.

The internet matured in the 1970's as a result of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is sill used today. It was adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1980, and universally adopted in 1983. The usage of TCP/IP is what unites all elements of the net. Both public domain and commercial implementations of the roughly one hundred protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suite became available in the 1980's. During the early 1990's, Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol implementations also became available by the end of 1991, the Internet has grown to include some 5,000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used be over 4,000,000 people. By December 1996, about 627,000 Internet domain names had been registered and now there are more than 30 million registered.

IPv4 addressing is the next method, it’s is split up into two main parts as well Network I.D and Host I.D which are split over four octets which are written as four decimal numbers which have 32 bits, it only contains 4.3billion different IPs. For example, you sent an IP to a website and it sends its IP back, which means you can communicate. Whereas IPv6 addressing has 128 bits and is written as