The Invention Of A Woman 's Womb By Ruth Hubbard

The first child to ever be from using test tube techniques happened in the late 1970’s. Although many have applauded this new type of technology, there is an ethical issue on whether or not embryos should be created in test-tube knowing that fact that many are not implanted and have human development. “Octo-Mom” is a classic case that may have changed many people’s perception when it comes to in-vitro fertilization. Many felt that it was ethically wrong for her doctor to conduct that type of procedure to a woman who will not have the ability to provide adequate care for the well-being of her children who may have health issues.

Kass, a case dealing with one party objecting the use of frozen genetic material to achieve pregnancy of another party, as an introduction for his article. Providing the facts of this controversial issue works very well in setting up the content of his article for the interest of his reader. Other cases he repeatedly refers to are the Hecht v. Superior Court, Davis v. Davis, and the Buzzanca surrogacy case. By using these court cases as examples, McKee is able to provide unbiased facts as support in the content of his article.

Advances in biotechnology have important applications to the core demographic concerns of human reproduction, raising a number of ethical issues. In the debate over this issue Kass the President’s council on Bioethics, with other scientist are nearly silent. In a critical discussion, Kass insists that producing and influencing babies in bottles is a gateway to a Brave New World. It is a way to maintain the population and keep the society from going into a revolution. However, in order maintain stability we must suppress all new scientific inventions along with artistic expression. Scientific research endangers humanity which can possibly threaten social order, which is why it must strictly be limited. Kass emphasizing on the technology itself

The 21st century however forecasts an astonishing increase in innovation in another direction. While previously overshadowed by its larger cousins, physics and chemistry, it seems likely that the biological sciences will steal the limelight in the future. Mapping the genome, reversing the aging process, and finding a cure for terminal illnesses, all represent primary objectives for science. Unfortunately, the ethical questions posed by innovations in biomedicine are far greater than those posed by advances in the physical sciences. Reproductive cloning is one of these innovations, and one that arguably poses the greatest threat to the world as we know it. The universal truth, blindly accepted by man for millennia, held that a human could only be born through the sexual union of a male and a female, to be exact, of an egg and a sperm. By cloning, however, a human life can be created in the laboratory. This is done by taking human DNA and inserting it into an egg cell, sans genetic material. The resultant cell is identical to the original, and can then be inserted into a uterus, either a human or an animal one, and be grown to term, to produce a baby, while circumventing nature’s means of reproduction.

This article discusses the first two test tube babies meeting each other at a fertility conference. Through this, it displays how two of the first humans produced by this technology can bond over something such as their specialized births and what "life growing up in the spotlight has been like" (Simpson). The recognition of this event as a medical breakthrough helps to portray the importance of further advancement within this technology. As time continues so does the need to keep up with the new and upcoming technologies, and this article shows the importance of furthering the technology of IVF. The online article analyzed for the resolution of this topic was a book review in Louise Brown's autobiography. The review chose to focus on analyzing the parents of the first test tube baby opposed to the birth itself. This article states the negative effects IVF has had on the world and how it coincides with religion and moral beliefs. The review is very clearly against Louise Brown and what she has to say about the advancement that was her birth. Throughout the review, the author fails to include a counter argument for their

In Vitro fertilization

New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted because it is just a research tool, and so on. Today, those worries and concerns have not manifested, but instead have brought joy and happiness to families. The people born through IVF process are as happy and equal as any other average child. It is

Ruth Hubbard’s “Test-Tube Babies: Solution or Problem?” first appeared in Technology Review in 1980. Hubbard addressed her audience with an initial objective tone, revealing the built up to her credibility on the issue of in vitro fertilization. Hubbard having specialized in biochemistry of vision and women’s health enforces the sense in the reader that she is to be trusted on this topic. Hubbard spoke at a time when in vitro fertilization was still a new developing technology as oppose to now. She spoke directly to society although at a certain point in her article; she focuses on a

An issue that has caused great legal debate is the freezing of eggs and embryos. Freezing allows savings eggs or embryos for later implantation; not all are used. However, frozen embryos and eggs generally have a lower success rate. The question arises of what happens to them if the couple decides to divorce, or one or both of them dies? These situations have been decided through court determinations. In 1987, the status of frozen embryos was brought before the Victorian courts with the case of Mr and Mrs Rios, who had died in a plane crash. The embryos from Mr and Mrs Rios had been frozen in 1981. There were many ethical and moral concerns regarding this case. Should the embryos remain frozen indefinitely, be donated, or kept for research? The Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act

The author of this paper has selected a health care colleague Mrs. T.R, to interview on the ethical beliefs, philosophy and worldview about the in-vitro fertilization, embryo harvesting and posthumous conception. Mrs. T.R, was born and brought up in an Indian Hindu family and immigrated to USA in 2000. She is working as a Registered Nurse in Illinois. She has conceived a child using In Vitro Fertilization, because she was diagnosed with Breast Cancer at the age of 27. The interview responses of Mrs. T.R, to the questions regarding Embryo Harvesting and Freezing, and rights of children born to posthumous conception in the light of Supreme Court ruling on the Karen Capato Case, are summarized in this paper.

New technological advances and scientific methods continue to change the course of nature. One of the current controversial advances in science and technology is the use of genetically modified embryos in which the study exceeds stem cell research. Scientists have begun planning for research involving human embryos in the genetic modification field. Many technological developments are responsible for improving our living standards and even saving lives, but often such accomplishments have troubling cultural and moral ramifications (Reagan, 2015). We are already beyond the days in which virtually the only procreative option was for a man and a woman to conceive the old-fashioned way (Reagan, 2015). Genetic modification of human embryos can be perceived as a positive evolution in the medical process yet it is surrounded by controversy due to ethical processes. Because this form of genetic modification could affect later born children and their offspring, the protection of human subjects should be a priority in decisions about whether to proceed with such research (Dresser, 2004). The term Human Genetic Engineering was originally made public in 1970. During this time there were several methods biologists began to devise in order to better identify or isolate clone genes for manipulation in several species or mutating them in humans.

The principle of nonmaleficence, to do no harm, in reproductive technology can be applied to the prospective parents and the prospective child-the embryo. The procedures involved in attempting to impregnate a woman can be physically and emotionally damaging, but rewarding if done successfully. But the parties must first determine to what extent and at what cost will they risk to achieve their ultimate goal. It would cause great harm physically to the embryos if there were multiple unsuccessful attempts, but many would argue that the end outweighs the means, that it is worth it if the result was a viable pregnancy and healthy child.

Many couples that are infertile still have a great desire to create a new life however the current method in vitro fertilization is very often ineffective. In fact it only results in a healthy pregnancy 10% of the time. However cloning could be much more effective. Contrary

The first time scientists were able to make a “test-tube” baby in a lab was in 1978. Doctors took an egg from the baby’s mother and merged it with sperm from the father in a lab, then re-implanted it into the mother to grow. There

A popular socio-scientific issue discussed in our society recently is the use of In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF) and pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).1 In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF) was established to treat infertility caused by blocked or damaged fallopian tubes.1 IVF is usually used to treat a variety of infertility problems but it can also screen for any genetic disorders.1 There are six stages in IVF, ovarian stimulation, egg collection, fertilization, embryo development, embryo transfer and the luteal phase support.1 This whole process involves checking that the eggs are mature for collection before starting the whole process, then removing the eggs from the follicle in the ovaries using a large needle.1 They then place the eggs and sperm into a incubator to let them fertilise them, then the next morning the eggs are examined or any signs of fertilisation and the successful embryos are kept in the laboratory for another three to five days, the eggs are then watched to make sure they are developing normally.1 They are then transferred back into the uterus between their 3rd and 6th day of the cycle.1 It then takes 9-11 days to know if the embryo has been successfully implanted.1 The last stage is then mainly focusses on hormone replacement injections and this then continues until the result of the cycle is known.