The Invention Of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

The discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century was a major advancement in medicine. At the time of the discovery, war was taking place, which resulted in a plethora of infected wounds. Antibiotics can be described as a use, laboratory effect, or an action of a chemical compound (Clardy et al). Selman Waksman first used the term in 1941 when describing the small molecules made by microorganisms that prevent the growth of other microorganisms (Clardy et al). Antibiotics helped control the infection which allowed many who were injured a second chance to live. The antibiotic that was first discovered and used to cure war infections was penicillin. Since the discovery of antibiotics, controlling infections and diseases became easier,

Antibiotics have played an essential role in the fight against diseases and infections since the 1940’s. Antibiotics are a leading cause for the rise of global average life expectancy in the 20th and 21st century. They have greatly reduced illnesses and deaths due to diseases. With the introductions of antibiotics in the 1940’s, like penicillin into clinical practice, formally deadly illnesses became immediately curable and saved thousands of lives (Yim 2006). Antibiotic use has been beneficial and when prescribed and taken correctly their effects on patients are exceedingly valuable. However, because these drugs have been used so widely and for such a long period of time the bacteria that the antibiotics are designed to kill have adapted,

In 1928, after the careless mistake of forgetting to clean his dishes, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. The scientific community still celebrates his discovery since it was a major breakthrough in science, especially in the antibiotics and fermentation field. Although his discovery changed various scientific fields and it opened the doors for research in areas not studied or considered relevant before, the actual usefulness of penicillin was truly reached until the large scale production of penicillin was achieved. Before its manufacturing penicillin was considered for researching purposes, but after its manufacturing during World War II, it truly became helpful for humanity because it could finally start performing within its antibiotic spectrum.

Prophylactic antibiotics are “using antibiotics to guard against or prevent the spread or occurrence of disease or infection.” This is a paradoxical façade presented to us by the majority of the medical world, the cattle and animal agriculture industry, and the fortune 500 companies (Prophylaxis). Prophylactic antibiotics kill tens of thousands of people every year; approximately 23,000 people from last year alone had prophylactic antibiotic related deaths, and are suspected to significantly help the progression of superbugs (Threat Report 2013). Superbugs, or antibiotic-resistant bacteria, are one of the very likely results of prophylactic antibiotics, superbugs are a quiet crisis that people of the world should be aware of, considering

Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).

One of the greatest advances in the medical field that are within the microbiology area was the discovery of the penicillin in the 1940s by Alexander Fleming, Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Although the initial recognition of its therapeutic effects occurred in the United Kingdom, the United States are the ones that turned this limited substance into a widely available medicine by developing a large-scale production of this life-saving

However, microorganisms are now evolving and developing unprecedented resistance to penicillin and other once potent drugs, like

The discovery of penicillin forever changed modern day medicine. Penicillins role in treating infectious diseases impacted clinic healthcare drastically. Bacterias that were once a dead sentence now were no match to this new powerful drug. Lives were saved. Also, the discovery of penicillin opened the way for other new antibiotics to be discovered. The discovery of penicillin was a major turning point in healthcare.

Science had a type of antibiotics called, carbapenems. The big guns reserved for bacteria that had become resistant to other common antibiotics. Unfortunately, bacteria found a way to resist these antibiotics as well. This resistance is known as CRE: carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae. K. pneumoniae, an Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) bacteria, is also Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). This means people infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase have few to no options to kill the infection and recover. Infact, bacteria are developing that are resistant to most, if not all antibiotics available to man or at least approved by the FDA in the United

Penicillin was first discovered in 1928 and quickly became known as a miracle drug. Penicillin’s areas of largest significance fall into three categories and this essay will briefly outline how Penicillin’s discovery contributed historically, scientifically and in the military, particularly in the Second World War.

A Scottish researcher, Alexander Fleming, discovered penicillin in September 1928. At the time, Fleming was experimenting with the influenza virus in a lab in London (Penicillin). After coming back from a two week vacation, Fleming noticed a mold had developed on an accidentally contaminated staphylococcus culture plate (Penicillin). Upon examination of the mold, he noticed that the culture prevented the growth of staphylococci. Fleming had discovered the world 's first antibiotic.

Supporting Data:Over the past century of antibiotic discovery and development, few parallel and independent lines of discovery have been fruitful. The development of strategies to prevent the evolution of resistance strains of microbes has been a top priority. In clinical practice, several measures that have been tested to reduce the incidence of resistance development, including

Recently, a woman in Nevada died at the hands of a “superbug” that was resistant to every antibiotic available in the U.S., a sobering incident to the medical community. The patient was infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria that had become resistant to cabapenems (a class of antibiotics that are typically used as a last resort when other antibiotics have failed), therefore becoming a “Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae” (CRE). The bacteria was discovered to be resistant to no less than 26 different antibiotics. Such a story could potentially become true for other patients as more multidrug resistant strains develop and spread, rendering the current antibiotics in use today useless. Antibiotics play a huge and important role in

The problems with antibiotic resistance is not a recent phenomenon. When Alexander Fleming received his Nobel Prize in 1945 for the discovery of penicillin, he warned that the overuse of penicillin could have future consequences of becoming ineffective. In 1977, the problem of antibiotic resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics was prevalent enough that the FDA considered withdrawing the use in animals; but Congress put them through hoops of conducting studies to prove their findings. To

The SIR Model is created in 1927 as its said before, so the initial model is bit outdated for numerous reasons. Firstly, the only vector of spread is humans. Vaccination rates, quality medical service, other vectors like rodents, birds are not included in this model. Also the disease always dies out, there is no way for the disease to live continuously. I(∞)=0, because the population will be either recovered or susceptible in (t) infinite. In newer epidemic models, new factors added into to get more accurate results. The population in SIR model is assumed homogenous however in fact old and young people are more vulnerable to diseases. So in the newer models, demographic effects are also put into account.