The Invention Of Submarines, 1890-1920's

This report was commissioned to review the Collins Class Submarine Project “Deep trouble”. The primary objective of this report is to analyses the dimensions of risk that need continuous management due to inter-relationships of all elements within Project Management and the importance of stakeholders. The topic was researched through extensive sources, including government bodies, course materials and other sources to provide the relevant information.

This separation presented communication and data-sharing challenges. Furthermore, the new design contained a number of technical risks, one of them was designing a submarine that would operate in a manner and environment very different from what Kockums was accustomed to. The risk resulted fuel system has been proven to be problematic. Swedish submarines have short patrols in calm, relatively fresh water. When a similar design was used in the salty, open water in which Australian submarines operate, water was sucked into the engine causing failure. Moreover, the RAN submarines transit greater distance and are on station for months at time, which has number of implications for fuel storage, hotel service, and other hull design features. The difference in operation concept and environment ultimately led to some equipment and system decision during design that caused problems with operations and supportability.

Not only did we have ships, but we had a device called the Turtle. Invented nearly 150 years before, it was not until the Revolutionary War that the submarine would be used in combat. A man named David Bushnell would develop the Turtle to deploy underwater mines. The Turtle would fail all of its missions and would be lost at the Battle of Fort Lee when the ship transporting it would be sunk. “Despite the failures of the Turtle, General George Washington gave Bushnell a commission as an Army engineer…After the war, he became commander of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.”(History 1).

Submarines, also known as U-boats. This U-boat was able to attack ships underwater without being spotted. The only Major problem is that it broke the International law. When the Germans attack a neutral ship, they are supposed to warn them beforehand but

Ralph Waldo Emerson said once: “When it’s errands are noble and adequate, a steamboat bridging the Atlantic between Old and New England and arriving at its ports with the punctuality of a planet, is a step of man into harmony with nature.” Steamboats were essential to moving goods quickly without delay and people efficiently, which changed the face of the Earth. It changed the entire world with how fast it moved and it’s machinery and created a better way to travel over oceans. Robert Fulton is credited with creating the steamboat however, he only created the first functional and commercially successful steamboat. Born in Pennsylvania on November 14th, 1765, he spent lots of time in Lancaster, a hub of intellectual people and technology. After inventing the first submarine, he attempted multiple times to attack British naval ships with them. The French employed him for his experimental boats as they were in a war with Britain at the time, but after seeing that his boats were unsuccessful, they essentially fire him. The British sent an agent to recruit Fulton to create contingencies to submarine attacks. After working with them, he brought back a fully operational Watt steam engine. Using this, Robert Fulton invented

A submarine is defined as “something that functions or operates underwater; specifically: a naval vessel designed to operate underwater.” This definition holds true today but started at the beginning of the Civil War when submarines originally became a popular choice of weaponry. In general, submarine crews were composed of a commander, who steered the boat, and six or more men who used hand cranks to move the boat. Many inventors intended on creating electric motors to move the boat, but they were unable to produce enough torque. Submarines were primarily used in combat because they could travel invisibly. Innovations like submarines did not just change the way people fought wars–they also changed the way people lived.

Before World War II, the submarine was very predictable and easily managed with detection systems, depth detection, and antisubmarine forces. The aircrafts were harder to manage, and could easily penetrate enemy territory. It was not so predictable.[xii]

American skipper, Tyrrell Jacobs of the Sargo, who had served at the Bureau of Ordnance, was one of the first to realize the Mark 14 torpedo was disastrously flawed. The Mark 14 was believed to be, by everyone except the sailors who used them, the greatest torpedo of its time. Unfortunately, this was not true. The torpedo’s definciency haunted the Silent Service for years before its failures were addressed. The torpedo was found to run deeper, in most cases more than ten feet, than its intended depth, fail to detonate, or to detonate too early. In the early years of the war there were also crippling torpedo shortages. The subs also had insufficient engines. The HOR engine’s gear-wheel teeth constantly broke causing vibrations that would knock out the motor. At this point in history America had little experience in submarine warfare. This left the submariners insufficiently trained and

U-boats were military submarines used by Germany in the war as a weapon. When the German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg proclaimed Germany’s purpose to use unrestricted submarine warfare, his one main concern was that it would aggravate an American response – in this he was to be precise. By 1917, the war was not going okay for Germany on the Western Front. Unrestricted submarine warfare was an outcome of anxiety and the belief that the fierceness of such a tactic might just keep America out of the war if the outcomes were remarkable and outrageous enough.

Towards the end of the 1930s, the United States government was preparing itself to progress from one despondency to another. Because the Great Depression was nearing its final months and the threat of becoming involved in the European war continuously intensified, it was decided that substantial amounts of energy, along with an ascending budget, was to be focused on developing military boats that could haul soldiers from ships to open beaches. In New Orleans, Andrew Jackson Higgins was known for manufacturing Eureka Boats, or shallow-watercrafts that assisted in the exploration of oil and gas throughout the Louisiana bayous. After many failed attempts Higgins was able to adapt his design

The Royal Australian Navy’s Collins Class Submarine is designed to replace the 30 year old Oberon Submarines. The Collins Class is the first submarine to be made in Australia and is the most advanced of its time due to its software architecture. Deep Trouble addresses various issues that were faced during the design and development stages of the Collins Class project. This report will focus on the interrelationship between the three PMBOK knowledge areas of scope, procurement and quality management and the impact each had on the final project.

Submarines were effective and best known for sneaking on the enemy. They were lightly armored and served as easy prey if discovered. It also had small crew numbers which made it hard to take prisoners from captured steamships. Despite these reasons, the Germans were non reluctant to break the international rules of warfare. The Germans attacked and sank the British passenger ship carrying American civilians on board. The American people were in disbelief and accused Germany of violating international rules. However Germany disagreed to the accusations.

However, in order for there to be hydrophones there had to be a use for them. The German U-boats were another invention in World War I. They were created so that the Germans could maneuver underneath the surface of the water and shoot missiles into enemy ships. However, they proved to be more used for raiding commercial ships for useful items. It would be much easier for the huge enemy ships to stop these U-boats if they could locate them, and the hydrophone made that possible. The hydrophone was first invented by Reginald Fessenden in 1914. Fessenden was a Canadian inventor who actually started working on the idea as a way to locate icebergs in the water following the titanic; however, it was of limited use because it could not tell the direction of an underwater object, only the distance. The idea was then put to a more useful and destructive use when Frenchman Paul Langevin and Russian Constantin Chilowsky found a breakthrough and were able to locate the distance and direction of another object underwater. It was not used in World War I until 1914, but it was later perfected by the United States and could locate underwater objects from up to 25 miles away (“12 Technological Advancements of World War

Throughout time people and scientists have developed different technology to explore the earth’s great waters. In the 1940’s, ocean explorer Jacques Cousteau helped invent the Aqualung. This device allowed divers to breathe under water. The Aqualung was a metal oxygen tank attached to a breathing tube that controlled the flow of oxygen. Scientists have since improved this and it is now known as SCUBA.

The way a submarine works is by surfacing, submerging, and using navigation, with all these things in place, the submarine would be an amazing adventure underwater! Being able to go underwater and understand the life deep beneath the ground is quite an extravaganza, but you can’t simply just dive in the water and begin your adventure, you need a submarine that guides you, it’s like a car but the difference is just underwater, with a handy submarine in place, you can go to any destination underwater until you fulfill to your heart’s content.