The Investigation Middle Miocene Rocks Of Siwa Oasis Contain A Rich Macroinvertebrate Fauna

Approximately 17 meters thick, Unit A defines the lowest third of the Juniata Formation. Fragments of marine fossils, including bryozoans, brachiopods, and gastropods, are commonly found in the bottom-most portion of this unit of structureless mudstone and quartz arenite. Quartz grains in the sandstone beds of Unit A are typically immature and fine-grained, though the sandstone packages tend to coarsen upwards. Though typically structureless, intermittent bedding of the sandstone and shale packages is observed in this unit, and some areas display

The author and his colleagues specifically chose to focus on 375 million year old rocks in their search for fossils because this was the time frame that provided fish that would be useful to study from. The 385 million year old rocks provided fish that look too similar to the ones we have now and the 365 million year old rocks have fossils that don’t resemble fish. The 375 million year old rocks, however, provide fossils that show the transition between fish and land living animals.

Sedimentary rocks interpret dinosaur habitats through encased environmental structures of the past. Through sedimentary rocks, paleoecologists’ can examine the arranged formation of sedimentary structures to specify what type of environment the dinosaurs’ lived in. An example of a specific sedimentary rock structure can be seen through formed weathering and ripple marks by how wind and sand formed distinct patterns in the past layered sediment. These arrangements provide interpretations on the structure of the sediment and the habitat of encased fossils, through modern day comparisons

The native oyster of the Chesapeake Bay is the Eastern oyster; also known as the Crassostrea Virginica. One of the many diseases found in the Eastern oysters are: Dermo disease and multinucleated sphere X disease (Graczyk, et al, 2006). Fayer, et al (2010) found that even if frozen oysters were contaminated with feces they could still survive. As stated by Graczyk, et al (2006), the oysters contain human enteric pathogens. Oysters contain a bacterium that can clean the bay naturally by itself. Since the oyster’s population decreased dramatically it takes longer for the bay to be cleaned. Strickland (2009) stated “the oysters used to be able to clean the water in the bay with in three days but now it takes up to an entire year to get the job done”. Graczyk, et al (2006) stated that “due to over harvesting in the Chesapeake Bay Eastern oysters are becoming at a point of

Today’s eastern oysters range from 3 to 5 inches in length, sometimes as much as 8 inches, although the oysters present during the colonization of the New World were documented to grow much larger (“Oyster History”). Oysters have many great characteristics in regard to their utility for humans as well as wildlife. The build ups of oyster bars, reefs, and beds provide habitat for many aquatic lifeforms and the filtration capabilities they possess is quite remarkable; as filter feeders, oysters feed on phytoplankton and small organisms while removing nutrients from the waters the inhabit, leaving them clear and pristine; just one oyster can filter more than 50 gallons in a day (“Oyster History”). Alas, it was a palatable constitution that made the eastern oyster so popular, creating an extensive economy based on its harvest. Unfortunately, this considerable popularity would ultimately bring the oyster’s

In order to find evidence of the transition from fish to land animals, the author and his colleagues chose to focus on 375 million year old rocks. In 2004, they studied sedimentary rock on Ellesmere Island in Canada’s Arctic as they thought that the rocks there would be exposed and untouched by humans, which would be ideal for fossil excavations. They studied sedimentary rocks (limestone, sandstone, siltstone and shales) because these

At Disaster Beach, a refuse pile was discovered containing shellfish remains. The pile most likely came to be because of Cardium Sp., which was located two-hundred yards inland from the high tide line. The inland did not have a complete rainforest to support the semi-sedentary system, but there were eucalyptus plants that helped. The high points were the only logical place with grain processing and potential religious activity like having a Shaman look over the sites. However, the high points did not have any detectable stratigraphy when they were studied. Carbon dating of three shell samples, in three separate units was taken, and then returned. The shell fragments found on Disaster Beach were dated at the

The discovery of “Ardi” in the Afar desert of Northeastern Ethiopia provides an excellence source to investigate the lifestyle of Ardipithecus ramidus. During the discovery of colloquially known as “Ardi” another 110 fossils were found belonging to Ardipithecus ramidus a 4.4 million year old species further exploring the lifestyle of this species (White et al., 2009a). The lifestyle features of the Ardipithecus ramidus are its locomotion, environment it likely lived in and it’s diet. The locomotion of Ardipithecus ramidus looks at the likelihood of bipedalism or what the alternative methods for movement could be. It uses evidence from the feet and forelimbs discovered in the fossil specimens. The environment is identifying the discussion

The base of IIIb1 appears slightly oxidized and yielded an age of 2277± 36 14C yr BP. Above this is a ~60-cm-thick, organic-rich “black mat” (IIIb2) consisting of multiple thin beds containing varying amounts of plant matter including both decomposed humic material and uncharred plant macrofossils that constitute a significant proportion of the sediment volume in the most organic-rich deposits. The IIIb2 black mat was formed between 1934 ± 29 14C yr BP and 1759 ± 25 14C yr BP, with the most organic-rich portion predating 1833 ± 36 14C yr BP. Organic carbon content of the black mat varies, but the highest values are ~2%. Plant remains in IIIb2, consisting mostly of bulrush achenes and pollen, indicate emergent aquatic floodplain vegetation, and the unidentifiable stem fragments ubiquitous throughout the layer are likely also bulrush (Figure 8). Faunal remains within IIIb2 at 11-37 include snail and ostracode species indicative of marshy conditions (Table 4). From the base of IIIb1 to the sharp upper boundary of the IIIb2 black mat, a trend of decreasing calcium carbonate, increasing gypsum, and increasing organic carbon is evident. Gypsum content ranged from 3.7–16.6% and occurred as tiny clumps of intergrown lathe crystals, whereas carbonate content ranged from ~4–13% and occurred as small soft

The author and his colleagues chose to focus on 375 million year old rocks in their search for fossils because amphibians that look dissimilar to fish were discovered in 365 million year old rocks, while fish without amphibian characteristics were discovered in 385 million year old rocks. Thus, it is possible that the evolutionary intermediary, or the “missing link” between fish and amphibians, would be discovered in 375 million year old rocks, between the two time periods. The rocks examined were sedimentary in composition, as the gradual and relatively gentle formation of sedimentary rock under conditions of mild pressure and low heat are conducive to the fossilization of animal remains. Sedimentary rock is also often formed in rivers and seas, where animals are likely to live. This site provides a resource that describes means by which fossils are formed and how the fossil record may be interpreted, and shows some examples of fossils demonstrating evolution through geological periods: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fossilrecord.htm. In 2004, Shubin and his colleagues were looking for fossils on Ellesmere Island, in northern Canada. This location was chosen because of its lack of human development, as well as of obstructing natural formations and life forms such as trees, which

little animals under all the rocks. the most was the gill snail the number of them

Abstract :the article proposal below represents bio archaeological study undertaken by the university of Macquarie under supervision Prof.Nagib Qanawaty at the site of Beni Hassan in El Meniya Region .the main tasks accomplished were bioarchaeological analysis such as assessment age ,sex ,stature ,MNI(Minimum number of Individuals ,and backing the bones inside shaft again by scientific way, in addition identification the paelopathology. The research will give us more information about Personal information about khety and his wife (Age, stature and health care) .Additionally, the lifestyle of khety and paleopathology.

Bivalves tend to have different lifestyles. Both mussels and oysters spend their lives attached to a substrate. Clams however, are usually found burried in the ground. Scallops on the other hand, are able to swim and live on the ocean bottom.

My outside source for questions 3 and 4 is a journal by Pat Shipman titled Fossils. This journal was published in The New Scientist Vol. 215, Issue 2876, p. 8-16.

These techniques led to the discovery of the boundary between the two eras. A single thin layer of clay found within predominantly limestone rocks established this. By comparing the marine life found in, above, and below the clay, the marine life, like the dinosaurs, had been terribly affected by the extinction event. The percentage of life in the upper layers was dramatically lower than that in the lower. This was far more compelling than what was suggested by dinosaur’s fossils.