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Along with the benefits of the project, there are also numerous costs with Unocal moving forward with the natural gas project. Unocal knew that it was dealing with a corrupt government, so there was no guarantee that the money the government received from the project would be used in a way that would benefit the people in the country. The government officials may use the money for

Cabe señalar que nos encontramos en una economía global en donde se espera que, como mínimo, las inversiones deban rendir a la tasa libre de riesgo, que para efectos de valoración se considera la tasa de los tesoros de largo plazo. Además, debemos tener en cuenta el beta de la industria petrolera, el cual se puede calcular de las empresas de este sector que cotizan en bolsa. Así, con esto en mente, se pude hacer una valoración para determinar si al final se podrá tener la rentabilidad esperada arriba del 14%, que se exige Petrobras.

Conoco elected to be the most strategic of the three, not as big as Mobil, but having more technical know-how and more industry expertise than Philbro, Conoco was willing to take on some risk in Russian oil. It focused on sequential investment, which gave Conoco time to ascertain the Russian state of oil; as not all the money is invested up front, this provides an incentive for Russia and Russian partners to help ensure project success. Conoco also sought multiple investors (OPIC and EBRD) and US backed organization which could help apply political pressure when necessary. Conoco also elected to build a lot of the infrastructure which gave them more control, but was also more expensive.

Mexico puts an end to state oil monopoly. (2014). TCE: The Chemical Engineer, (872), 18

     Chevron Texaco, or Texaco Shell, is the leading competitor to ExxonMobil. Texaco is in the same areas of business as Exxon. Their petroleum products and lubricants are sold in the same markets, stores, and in many cases opposite street corners from each other. The two companies are very similar, but Exxon’s recent petroleum deals in the Middle East and Africa have allowed its stock price to jump ahead for the time being (1). In the industry, the two companies mainly compete for the ability to negotiate for new production. The competition is not made at the pump or at the local auto store. It seems that it’s more important to control oil than it is to sell it quickly. Because oil has so much value and power in the world, the industry is made of semi-friendly companies. Surviving and making as much profit as possible, is more important than trying to put people out of business.

ExxonMobil is identified as one of the world’s leading oil and gas businesses. It manages market commodities and means countrywide. ExxonMobil is entail in “marketing, gas, and oil exploration, transportation and production in roughly 200 nations” (ExxonMobil, 2015). This company furnishes assistance and products under label names such as “Mobil, Esso, and Exxon. ExxonMobil is known as one of the biggest oil industrial installation where a substance is refined in the nation” (ExxonMobil, 2015). This essay discusses ExxonMobil’s strategic initiative from

Venezuela’s reputation has been well established regarding its supply of oil and how it was being used for medicinal use and other purposes. It was not until the first oil well was drilled in 1912, when Venezuela became the world’s second largest oil producer behind the US, and the world’s largest oil exporter (Wilpert, 2003). With the well drill in the country it attracted many major oil producers that wanted a piece of anything they could get. The Royal Dutch Shell and Rockefeller’s Standard Oil became the main producers of the oil and maintained a high status. Everything was going great for the company, “ between 1920 and 1935 oil share’s exports went up from 1.9% to 91.2%”(Wilpert, 2003), but not everything goes according to plan. The country had a dramatic impact towards its economy that many recall, “The Dutch Disease.” “The utmost important magnitude of the Dutch Disease was that agricultural production declined to almost nothing and the country fell behind in industrializing, relative to other Latin American countries” (Wilpert, 2003). Thus, Venezuela had passed a reform oil policy that was the Hydrocarbons Act, which was from the oil revenues based on the income of the mines (Wilpert, 2003), bringing the state’s income to stability.

The petroleum trade in chad was supposed to seriously help the poverty rate and benefit the country but it seems it's done just about the opposite. Even though the oil trade brings in money it has negatively affected the local people ESPECIALLY the people around the petroleum extraction itself. For example In the Eastern Logone region that includes the Doba Oil Basin and about 38% of Chad's population was rated 3rd poorest region of chad despite the hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil exported. the other affects on the people are endless and further contamination is always a hazard. There already has been some contamination there have been drainage canals have polluted the surface including the groundwater used by the locals,infertile and contaminated quarries have been returned to farmers without being cleaned or secured,rivers have been sullied by oil spills. These are just some of the environmental impacts the oil trade has on Chad and I think this is a good example that not all companies and corporations can benefit a country even if they bring in money. The oil trade in Chad is a very controversial topic especially in chad there are benefits economically but there are also environmental

The oil-rich Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, located on the northern coast of South America, was for many decades considered among the wealthiest nations in the entire continent. While having the largest proven oil reserves in the world has often proved a tremendous boon for Venezuela, the very black gold that has been the cause of its success has also proven to repeatedly be its kryptonite. Over half of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product stems from petroleum exports – which equates to approximately 95% of total exports. It is really not too hard to imagine what drastic consequences shifts in global oil prices could have on the economy.

One of the main features of Ecuador ’s economy is its dependence on only a few key export commodities, most importantly oil and bananas. Oil accounts for approximately 40% of the export economy, while bananas are responsible for about 17%, and Ecuador is the largest producer of bananas in the world. The rest of the economy is mostly based on less important agricultural exports, such as shrimp and flowers, which account for 6% and 4% of exports respectively. Ecuador is almost completely reliant on the success of these few industries, particularly oil, and so has suffered through a cycle of boom and bust economies over the past several decades, since oil was discovered in the 1970s.

Venezuela is facing serious inflation within the country due to the ever dropping currency, thus companies and firms are having to pay or spend than the usual to do the regular procedures. Some of the huge companies in Venezuela like Kimberly-Clark (KMB), Pepsi are beginning to shut-down business operations due scenario they find themselves in describing it has “financial barrier”.Despite having the largest oil reserve in the world, Venezuela still having go through a lot of expensive procedure to refine their oil because the oil found there is viscous and difficult it has to be mixed with several oil types from the before it can be used. This process has been made harder to perform because of the economic crisis making Venezuela experience cash shortages.

This publication does not seek to discuss Ecuador ́s political proposal towards building said socialism exhaustively or in depth. This analysis has been developed at length in other writings4 and is also embodied in the National Plan for Good Living, 2009-20135. In this occasion, it is more pertinent to posit a philosophical-political analysis of one of the flagship initiatives that Ecuador has presented to the world and that is a symbolic example of the dispute of the logic of “capitalist development”: the Yasuní-ITT6 Initiative. This project consists of keeping the oil underground (not drilling for it) in one of the most mega-diverse areas of the world, located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. In that sense it is a concrete example of the ways a society of good living can be built. The framework for this analysis is a discussion taking place globally among a certain branch of Leftist thought that believes that what is most progressive and achievable nowadays is to devise and construct improvements in the administration of capitalism – in other words, to promote its “good”7 side – and another stance, which presents anti-capitalism from a purely theoretical perspective, regardless of the political viability of their proposals.

Venezuela has the world’s largest oil reserves and by 1960, it became the wealthiest country in Latin America. Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), the state owned company, was the key to economic and social development in Venezuela under president Hugo Chavez. His government was settled in an environment where the oil prices were rising and the economy was booming, so he was able fund social programs and practices that were popular to the poor masses. This wealthy and growing Venezuela made Chavez to be very popular and his regime very powerful. Oil revenue accounted for nearly 90% of exports, more than 50% of government revenue, and 35% of country’s GDP.

OPEC stands for Organization of the petroleum Exporting countries. It is an intergovernmental organization of fourteen nation. It coordinates petroleum policies and stabilize the oil market. This will help them secure regular supply of petroleum in order to keep a study income and growth. Petroleum have become one of the most powerful asset or natural resource that any nation could have. And because it’s so Important it has changed the world for the good and worst. Petroleum has lead into wars and it has also tightened international relationships. One of the reason, that there are some kayos in some part of the middle east is because of Petroleum. OPEC is founded in Bagdad its head quarter is in Vienna. Two third of OPEC population is founded in the middle east countries that surround the Persian Gulf. The most Important goal for OPEC is to make profit for the members. Because there is no real substitute for oil, OPEC reduces production and then increases Price for oil. Because it’s hard to control all countries production, especially the countries that are not a member of OPEC , it has been hard for OPEC to have firm a control over the Petroleum market. Because the Petroleum Industries are Oligopoly this relates to chapter 13 which is Oligopoly and Strategic Behavior. OPEC is a cartel which mean one of its main goal is to control the production and aim for profit

TEMA: IMPACTO DEL COMERCIO SOBRE EL MEDIO AMBIENTE EN LA CAPACIDAD PRODUCTIVA DEL ECUADOR Y SU IMPACTO EN EL MANEJO SOSTENIBLE DE LOS RECURSOS.