The Issue Of The Medical Profession

Katz goes on to look at Robert J. Lifton’s analysis of Nazi doctors. Lifton believes that the doctors unconsciously did this psychological trick called ‘doubling’, where a person has two sets of morals; morals for when they are at work, possibly where

The art of medicine and curing diseases was not always approached in a scientific way. In fact, many advances occurred between 1919 to 1939, after technological advances allowed scientists to apply the scientific method to medical research. At this time, the ethics of using patients as test subjects either for new medicines or as samples for further testing were not considered. An extreme example of this was the Nazi’s using concentration camp inmates – including children – to run painful and invasive experiments. More modern examples are not so easy to identify as unethical, however. While amputating a leg to develop methods to deal with fractures and war wounds is obviously unethical, harvesting cells to develop a vaccine is not so clear cut, as the disadvantage to the patient is hard to identify. Coming from the various Nazi testing and especially the Nuremberg testing and trials, another code of ethics was developed, called the Nuremberg Code.

She describes how Nazi Doctors would conduct horrendous experiments on Jews, such as dissecting living people, without receiving any consent from them. She then explains that the Nuremberg code was later established to prevent such inhumane experiments. Since the code didn’t apply in America, researches like Southam and Mandel continued their experiments without informed consent. However, other doctors still found this to be immoral, and refused to participate in performing these experiments finding that, “Injecting cancer cells into a person without consent was a clear violation of basic human rights and Nuremberg code” (Skloot 132). Skloot compares the practice of American doctors to the inhumane experiments conducted on the Jews in Germany to have the readers see similarity between the immoral methods. Both practices did not receive consent from their patients. She uses research to find factual evidence about practices without consent that were made illegal in another country. By comparing the experiments conducted by American doctors to an extreme event, she leads the reader to develop the opinion that all practices without the consent of the patient are unjust. She includes the opinions of medical professionals to express their concern for these methods to the readers. A doctor from that time would have the greatest insight on the experiments that were being conducted and the practicality of them. The reader then sees it as logical that conducting potentially dangerous experiments without any consent is a violation of human rights.

Synopsis – Hitler’s Willing Executioners is a work that may change our understanding of the Holocaust and of Germany during the Nazi period. Daniel Goldhagen has revisited a question that history has come to treat as settled, and his researches have led him to the inescapable conclusion that none of the established answers holds true. Drawing on materials either unexplored or neglected by previous scholars, Goldhagen presents new evidence to show that many beliefs about the killers are fallacies. They were not primarily SS men or Nazi Party members, but perfectly ordinary Germans from all walks of life, men who brutalized and murdered Jews both willingly and zealously. “They acted as they did because of

“I will remember that there is an art to medicine as well as a science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon’s knife and the chemist’s drug.” (Louis Lasagna). However, the doctors of the holocaust didn’t care, and used the victims as guinea pigs for the results. The medical experiments performed during the Holocaust had horrific outcomes for those experimented upon.

The chapter on Nazi medical experiments in Chalmers’ book is one of the most fascinating chapters because it examines the different types of techniques that the Nazi’s used to sterilize men and women. Chalmers explains that women were particularly subject to medical experiments because the Nazis were obsessed with destroying inferior races and wanted to perfect the art of sterilization so no more undesirable elements would be born (Ibid 123). However, both men and women were subject to Nazi medical experiments like medical injections, X-Rays, and chemicals, which resulted in burnt skin, abnormalities, and death. Among these experimentations many chemical companies, doctors, and University professors supported the experiments being done on

Conditions of crisis and instability within a country or situation render it impossible for human rights to flourish. In The Nazi Doctors, Lifton explores the psychology of the doctors during the Nazi regime who were able to commit atrocities such as sterilization, human experimentation, and mass murder. Throughout the book, Lifton demonstrates how in order to commit violence, there is no

WW2 took the lives of more than 72.4 million people, ("11 Facts About the Holocaust.") and killed more than two-thirds of all the people living in Europe at the time, ("World War 2 Statistics."). As part of their service to their country, the Nazis were commanded to perform horrific actions any reasonable person would question. These tortures included, “putting people’s hands in boiling water until the skin and fingernails came off...pulling teeth and cutting and twisting off the ears; running electric current through the victims…” ("Nazi Torture and Medical Experimentation.") “Prisoners were submerged in ice water to see the effects of hypothermia, injected with chemicals and poisons to test their effectiveness, sterilized, vivisected, and operated on without anesthetic,” (Smallwood). When many of these prominent Nazi soldiers were put on trial in Nuremberg, Germany, they argued they were serving their country, following orders from their superior. Here, we confront the thought-provoking question of whether it is just to obey your superior or serve your nation while breaking the moral code of humanity. These Nazis committed acts and imposed punishments upon their prisoners, that many have labeled as sinister, inhumane, unjust, and gruesome. But can we blame them for following the demands of their superiors and their country? Is it

Many claim that doctors were only advancing science, and others claim the horrid acts that were committed were done because of the hatred towards the Jewish people. Regardless of which fact is inevitably true, both situations caused cruel and inhuman treatment to the Jews, and ultimately led to their deaths at the camps. A civilian doctor named Carl Clauberg was famous for his sterilization experiments. The procedure involved injections to the cervix to destroy the fallopian tubes, and then often the victims were gassed and left for dead (Winik 9). When the Jews arrived on transports, Nazi doctors immediately determined who would be gassed and who would go to a work camp (Winik 8). In Auschwitz, Nazi doctors presided over the murder of most of the one million victims of that camp. “Doctors consulted actively on how best to keep selections running smoothly, on how many people to permit to remain alive to fill the slave labor requirements” … “and on how to burn the enormous numbers of bodies that strained the facilities of the crematoria (Gutman 303). In the book, “Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp,” Yisrael Gutman offers a summary of the events that took place at Auschwitz:

Gottfried, Ted, and Stephen Alcorn. Deniers of the Holocaust: who they are, what they do, why

It is interesting to note that Nazis were cunning enough to choose locations that were far from the public eye because they probably knew to a certain degree that although the Nazi party had massive support, that could all go out the window if the German people found out cruel experiments and executions being conducted. Another thing to note is that it seems as though mentally disabled Germans were the guinea pigs for how the Nazis would experiment on and execute the Jews later on. Doctors weren't really needed at these institutions, they were only really there to maintain the illusion of a scientific and medical program. However they did have another task, which was to come up with reasons for the cause of their patients' deaths. They would send out letters to victims' families. It seems these Nazi doctors were very methodical in order to cover up what they were doing but it would turnout that weren't as clever as they thought they were. The families of the victims would notice inconsistencies with the official cause of death and later on public protests would cause Hitler to order the gas chambers be dismantled in August

all in an effort to rid the German race of it unwanted members. "Medicine and science had played crucial roles both in fostering of Nazi ideology and in implementing the final solution." (Caplan) While medicine and science were being utilized, they had taken on a very different form. They were not treating individuals, but torturing them.

Have you ever taken the time to think about what the people of the holocaust went through? There were Jews, German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma (Gypsies), Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and deviant people captured and transported to the concentration camps just because the Nazis did not think the were good enough. These people suffered from extensive torment, and neglect throughout the holocaust and in the concentration camps. There was hardly any food and because of that many died. They were also medically experimented on which killed them because there were many medicines tried on them and some were even injected with the disease itself. This paper will cover, medical experiments done on the captured, traveling to reach the concentration camps, and the treatment of the captured people.

The first way that shows Hitler’s lack of morality is through the practice of Nazi medical experiments. Through Nazi experiments

The Nazi regime, according to Agamben, is the first instance in which politics and medicine have ever