The Killer T Cells

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

T cells are part of the adaptive immunity that proliferate in the thymus, their protein antigen receptors provide pathogen specific recognition

A T-Cell fights of bacteria in the immune system to help the human run right. On the inside if the T-Cell they don’t have anything out of the normal. And T-Cell is short for T lymphocyte cell. But the problem they can be good or bad for you they can make you sick too. But if they don’t fight of the bacteria them your cells will be in danger.

The immune system is the body defense mechanism against diseases. Through its different components, the immune system can detect a wide range of microorganisms such as viruses, parasites, bacteria and strange organisms. It has the power and the intelligence to distinguish those microorganisms from the self-healthy tissues; recognize them and eliminate them to protect the body from their harmful effects. However, in some instances, the immune system reacts against self-cells as in autoimmune diseases.

The human immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that evolved to fight off infectious microbes. Much of the immune system’s work is carried out by an army of various specialized cells, each type designed to fight disease in a particular way. The invading microbes first run into the vanguard of this army, which includes white blood cells called macrophages (literally, "big eaters"). The macrophages engulf as many of the microbes as they can. ANTIGENS SOUND THE ALARM How do the macrophages recognize the microbes? All cells and microbes wear a "uniform" made up of molecules that cover their surfaces. Each human cell displays unique marker molecules unique to you. Microbes display different marker molecules unique to them. The macrophages

The human body has different mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, a condition that sustains equilibrium within the internal environment of the body; which the immune system plays a key role in. The immune system protects the human body from any foreign invaders through a series of steps. The system consists of cells, tissues, and organs, one of the main cells are known as Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBC). Leukocytes are produced and stored in different areas of the body, such as the thymus, the spleen, and the bone marrow. Moreover, there are two types of leukocytes; phagocytes, cells that fight invading pathogens and lymphocytes, cells that allow the body to recognized previous pathogens. (5) Lymphocytes that help to activate the antibodies

Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system where they recognize and combat infectious diseases (Feldt, 2012). However antibodies can mistakenly target, damage and attacks the body’s own tissues as being foreign or dangerous, these are called autoantibodies.

The immune system is composed of many types of cells, such as T cells and B cells, which are cells that defend your body from foreign substrates. When

T and B lymphocytes that have an antigen specific receptor on their surface. Due to the lack

B cells are one type of lymphocytes, which are also called white blood cells. B cells participate in humoral immune response by producing antibodies when they are exposed to foreign substance such as antigens. B cells begin their development in the bone marrow, which provides a supply of them to the body. Every day there are myriads of B cells made in the human body and these immature B cells are activated when the B cell receptor binds to its cognate antigen and then released into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Once activated, B cells differentiate into mature B cells and there are two ways for B cells’ maturation. Some will become plasma B cells that produce huge amounts of antibodies to fight with the antigen

T cells and B cells are cells that help defend our body. How these two types of cells act towards an immune response is when a specific germ enters the body, only cells thats can recognize it will start to fight off the germ. While this is happening our T and B cells will quickly multiply to kill the germ. Some of these two cells can be able to remember that exact invader so this can help make you “immune” to it. They remember it mostly by the shape, and by the substances on them. (antigens) Our T cells will fight against this certain infection by sending out chemical

The main function of B lymphocytes is humoral (antibody) immunity. Each B cell can recognize specific antigen targets and can secrete specific antibodies. Antibodies function by coating antigens, which makes the antigens more vulnerable to phagocytosis (engulfing and ingestion of invading organisms by leukocytes and/ or macrophages), or by triggering the complement system, leading to an inflammatory response. Antibodies are highly specialized serum protein molecules. They are grouped into five classes, each having a specialized function: immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.

The immune system is a hodgepodge of different structures and pathways that work together as a unit. It recognizes foreign objects that enter the body through antigens. Apart from identical twins, no two people contain the exact same antigens [Adams 2011]. Once foreign antigens are noticed by the immune system antigen receptors, T cells and B cells, it begins creating antibodies. Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and are proteins produced by white blood cells, which locate the antigens on the surface of the foreign object and either neutralizes the threat directly or tags the antigen to be destroyed by other immune system agents.

One type of immunity include antibody immunity, which is a type of chemical warfare in the body. It works when pathogens enter tissues through a wound and are attacked by macrophages at the infection site. Then, antigens of the pathogen are displayed on the surface of the microphage, next helper T cells have their receptors bind to the antigen on the macrophage. B-cels then directly bind to the antigen and helper T-cells bind to the antigens on the B-cells. Next chemicals are released by the T cells cause clones of the plasma cells to be created by B cells. Lastly, 2000 antibodies are released per second into the blood by the plasma cell, and future invasions by the same pathogen can be easily felt with because memory B cells and antibodies remain in the blood. Another type of immunity is cellular immunity. This type of immunity works with the help of cytotoxic cells, or killer cells, that are stored in lymph nodes, spleen, and the tonsils. When they are released, cytotoxic cells secrete enzymes that directly kill the pathogens. Passive immunity occurs either when antibodies are shared between mother and child through the placenta or milk, or when antibodies are injected into the body from something that is already immune. Lastly, active immunity is used when antibodies are produced when a pathogen invades the body. After the antibodies are formed, the person can become immune to that specific pathogen. These pathogens can be introduced to the body either through disease

An activated Helper T-cell will do several things to contribute in the immune system reaction. They alert B cells to produce antibodies and stimulate macrophages as well as other lymphocytes.