The Law Of Comparative Advantage

Due to the differences between the countries in its profitable fundamentals; the International Trade occurs. The contracts between the countries consider as the primary driver of the global exchange. These contracts concluded on the basis of the countries beneficial elements and advantages. Each international trade between the countries depends on numerous focal points of this exchange process. The economics and producers effectiveness measured by absolute advantage for these economics/producers. For example; if the producer needs lesser amount of contributions/inputs to provide specific product, then this producer has an absolute advantage in producing

However, it was apparent to economists that nations with similar resource endowments exchanged similar products with each other. Economists felt that trade explained solely by comparative advantage was an incomplete analysis of international trade. Furthermore, since the classical trade theory was unable to explain intraindustry trade, economists decided to expand on the classical trade theory by creating a new theory of trade (Carbaugh, 2011). The new theory states that economies of scale provide incentive for a country to specialize in a particular product (Carbaugh, 2011). Furthermore, based on economies of scale, nations with similar factor endowments will trade with each other as sometimes it is beneficial (Carbaugh, 2011). Arguments stemming from this new trade theory puts the economic case for free trade in doubt.

The issue and concept addressed in the case study is trade theories such as competitive advantages and also the benefits and costs brought by international trade and its related government policies.

This paper explores the “application of theory of comparative advantage in Vietnam’s export and import and the gain and loss of the economy in trade”.

Law of comparative advantage: A country in its trade with another country will export the good at which it has a comparative advantage in producing and import the good in which it has a comparative disadvantage in producing. By trading along the lines of comparative advantage, both countries can experience tgains.

In the past, there has been a need for men and women to take on complementary roles for relationships and survival. As the law of comparative advantage implies, women have an inherent advantage to becoming the caregiver in a family—the caregiver for the children they have given birth to, therefore leaving it up to the other partner, the man, to become the protector and provider. Regardless of these traditional roles in history, there is no necessity for gender roles in today’s society. The technology and available resources for every human currently whatever their gender may be are equal by nature, until gender roles impose barriers created by society that may prevent one from reaching their

The country can maximize their wealth by putting the resources in the most competitive industries. Government created comparative advantage rather than free trade because now easier moves the production processes and the machines into countries that can produce more goods (Yeager & Tuereck, 1984). However, many countries now move to new trade theory suggests the ability firms to limit the number of competitors associated with economic scale (reduction of costs with a large scale of output) (Krugman, 1992). The comparative advantage occurs when two-way trade in identical products, it will useful where economic scale is important, but it will create problem with this model. As a result, government must intervene in international trade for protection to domestic firms (Krugman, 1990)

Chapters twenty and twenty-one went over the relationship of international markets in a global economy. In an increasingly interconnected world, global trade has caused countries to shift to specializations in their markets. Therefore, raising average wages due to increased productivity. Countries can have absolute or comparative advantages in a certain market. As written in the text, an example of absolute advantage would be Saudi Arabia in the oil industry. This is because they have such an abundance of easily assessable oil very few countries can complete in that market. A comparative advantage is when a country can produce a product at a much lower cost. Comparative advantage is a balance of opportunity cost that leads a nation to specialized in a specific market. Comparative advantage can also be gained through the exploitation of workers or practices that are severity destructive to the environment. To protect a nations cultural, economic, and social interest a country will use tariffs, import quotas, and non-tariff barriers to deter domestic companies from purchasing goods from counties who practice unpleasant or morally object able methods, such as child labor.

The theory of comparative advantage explains the benefit of free trade. According to this theory by David Ricardo in the early 19th century, “Both countries will be better off if each specializes in the industry where it has a comparative advantage, and if the two trade with one another.” (Citation) International trade opens up markets to foreign supplier, and domestic companies need to improve their efficiency, boost productivity, and lower cost to increase competitiveness instead of enjoying monopolies or oligopolies that enabled them to keep prices well above marginal costs. On the other hand, international trade also offers domestic companies bigger demands and broader markets; therefore more jobs relevant to export have been created. Furthermore, jobs in the US supported by goods exports pay 13-18 percent more than the US national average (ustr.gov).

This paper is going to summarize the article Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness: A Case Study for Turkey towards the EU written by Vildan Serin and Abdulkadir Civan. The study based on the theory of comparative advantage established by the British economist Ricardo in the early of the 19th century. The Ricardian model assumes that productivity of labor is different from country to country and the country exports the goods in which it has a comparative advantage.The study attempts to examine the comparative advantage of Turkey in the tomato, olive oil and fruit juice industries over Italy, Greece and Spain and how its comparative advantage changes over the period of 1995 to 2005. Besides, the authors hypothesize that the prices

a. How does the theory of comparative advantage explain why a developed country such as the USA might wish to trade with a developing country such as Vietnam? [12]

Economists have promoted free trade since the conceptualization of the theory of comparative advantage by David Ricardo in the early nineteenth century. The policy implication of Ricardo’s theory was a transition from trade protection to free trade. As an academic concept the theory is one of static general equilibrium, however the model does not provide any logical framework for dealing with factors such as technology gaps, or strong competition from developed countries. The model’s static and simple framework has no means of accounting for such questions. Developed countries with strong competitive economies promote free trade policies in order to expand that economy and prevent it from stagnating. Nonetheless developed countries did not always promote free trade policies, instead for numerous of years those countries practiced protectionism.

Within the period of time and two-country world, country A can use a half of its resources to produce 30 units of product 1 and the other half to product 30 units of product 2. On the other side, country B uses the same amount of its resources as country B for 20 units of product 1 and 10 10 units of product 2. In this case, country A has the absolute advantage in producing both products, but it has a comparative advantage in product 2 because it is relatively better at producing them. Country A is 3 times better at producing item 2, and only 1.5 times better at product 1. As a result, country B would be forced to produce item 1.

lassical theories of international trade suggest that comparative advantage exist in the factor endowments that a country may be fortunate enough to inherit. Factor endowments include land, natural resources, labor, and the size of the local population.

Comparative advantage is a principle developed by David Ricardo in the early 19th century to explain the benefits of mutual trade (Carbaugh, 2008). Many underlying assumptions of comparative advantage depend on states of economic equilibrium and an absence of economy of scale. In reality, economies are dynamic and subject to innovation and interference; which has led to revised assumptions of return and competition (Krugman, 1987). These factors have created questions of free trade and governmental participation in an economy by the development of strategic trade policies. These new concepts do not replace the theory of comparative advantage; however, they further explain how trade can benefit a country's economy (Krugman, 1987).