The Levels Of Processing Theory

Memory is divided into three categories. These categories consist of: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory, out of these short term memory is the main focus in this essay. It has been widely researched due to interest of how much memory can be stored, how long this memory can be stored for and what information is memorised.

Low levels of processing include operations like counting the letters in words and higher levels of processing might include forming semantic relationships such as understanding what the words’ meaning is. According to Craig and Lockhart who formulated this theory memory recall would improve as the information is processed in greater depth. However it has been hard to define exactly what depth is and it has been found that there are other factors that make people remember things. (Zachmeister, E.B., Nyberg 1982)

This had led psychologists within the approach to explain that memory is build up of three stages: encoding (where information is received), storage (where the information is held) and retrieval (where the information is recalled if necessary.)

* Levels of processing theory- proposes that deeper levels of processing results in us remembering information for a longer period of time

74. Raymond remembers, “When I was a sophomore, I took the hardest physics test of my life, and I was happy with my C.” This memory represents a(n)

Messages become shorter when passed from one person to the next. Memories can be modified to fit one’s personal social experiences (i.e., conventionalization). Memory is unreliable, sensory stimuli are not stored as is but are actively transformed by the brain for storage depending on individual factors such as personal relevance and expectations. The most essential information is better remembered, but what is considered “most essential” may depend on an individual’s experiences. This suggests memory does not function as a video recording, but is a highly complex process that is influenced by an individual’s levels of attention, motivation, expectations, experiences, emotional state, etc. It also suggests that memory is an active process that involves constructing narratives out of events rather than passively recording

Levels of processing identities the stages or memory retrieval when needed in hopes that it was stored in long term memory. The different levels of processing are identifying what the word looks life, what

Research has shown that there is “greater activation in the left inferior frontal and medial temporal lobes” (Stanford, 2006, p. 208) during the encoding of words which were later remembered as compared to those which were forgotten. The sensations perceived by sensory nerves are decoded in the hippocampus of the brain into a single experience (Mastin, 2010). The hippocampus analyses new information and compares and asssociates it with previously stored memory (Mastin, 2010). Human memory is associative in that new information can be remembered better if it can be associated to previously acquired, firmly consolidated information (Mastin, 2010). The various pieces of information are then stored in different parts of the brain (Mastin, 2010). Though the exact method by which this information is later identified and recalled has yet to be discovered, it is understood that ultra-short term sensory memory is converted into short term memory which can then later be consolidated into long term memory (Mastin, 2010).

When given a list of words to learn, we can do one of three things to

The combined findings provide the foundation for the hypothesis that there is more than one kind of memory, or rather that skill-based memories must be organised differently from fact-based memories since the former seem to be preserved in amnesia as opposed to the latter.

Saive, A., Royet, J., Garcia, S., Thévenet, M., & Plailly, J. (2015). "What-Where-Which" episodic retrieval requires conscious recollection and is promoted by semantic knowledge. Plos ONE, 10(12), 1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143767

I can say that the experiential hierarchy of effects can be applied to my memory that I shared. According to the text on page304 “Feel-Do-Think: According to the

According to Levels of Processing framework, developed by Craik and Lockhart (1972), the duration that a memory is held, is determined by the level at which the information is encoded. Episodic memory recall is a cognitive process involved in consolidating the information presented. The ‘depth’ of processing occurring during the encoding of a memory, relates to, how well information is recalled later. To clarify, information that we process semantically (i.e., by its meaning) comprises a deeper level of processing than information we process structurally (i.e., appearance). Thus predicting, the deeper an individual processes information, correlates with the duration a memory trace will last. Consequently, memory is a by-product

Memory is defined as "the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information." Our memory can be compared to a computer's information processing system. To remember an event we need to get information into our brain which is encoding, store the information and then be able to retrieve it. The three-stage processing model of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin suggests that we record information that we want to remember first as a fleeting sensory memory and then it is processed into a short term memory bin where we encode it ( pay attention to encode important or novel stimuli) for long-term memory and later retrieval. The premise for the three step process is that we are unable to focus on too much

The levels of processing theory (LOP) was introduced in 1972 by Craik and Lockhart. This theory or model states that there are two different levels of processing (LOP). One level is shallow processing, or perceptual memory, where one is able to identify the physical or sensory characteristics of what is being presented (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). The other is deep processing, or semantic memory, which enables one to have meaning or understand about what is presented (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). LOP predicts that deeper processing allows for easier recall; meaning that if one grasps the meaning of a word he/she will able to retrieve that word with ease at any given time (Craik & Lockhart, 1971). LOP was put to the test in an experiment in 1975 with Craik and Tulving.