Research Report: Review of the Literature on Anticipated vs. Unanticipated Death and their Corresponding Coping Skills
Emily Pekarek and Peyton Flewelling
University of Missouri at Columbia
Research Report: Review of the Literature on Anticipated vs. Unanticipated Grief and their Corresponding Coping Skills
Death is a universally experienced phenomenon. In the United States alone, over 2.6 million people die each year (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). For practitioners, it is of utmost importance to better understand the process of grief to develop better interventions for bereaved individuals.
Death can be divided into two broad categories: anticipated and unanticipated. As cited in Bouchal, Rallison, Moules, and Sinclair (2015), Aldrich (1974) defines anticipatory grief (AG) as “any grief occurring prior to a loss, as distinguished from the grief which occurs at or after a loss.” (p.44). Similarly, as noted in Al-Gamal and Long (2010), Worden (2003) defines AG as “an active process of grieving that occurs prior to actual loss” (p.1981) Reynolds and Botha (2006) mention Clayton’s (1973) definition of unanticipated death (UD) as less than 5 days, while Merriam Webster (2016) defines unanticipated as “not expected or anticipated”. Grief that results from this type of death is unanticipated grief (UG). INSERT BIT ABOUT COPING SKILLS???
Literature Review
History of anticipated grief Our understanding of grief came fairly
The life transition of death and dying is inevitably one with which we will all be faced; we will all experience the death of people we hold close throughout our lifetime. This paper will explore the different processes of grief including the bereavement, mourning, and sorrow individuals go through after losing someone to death. Bereavement is a period of adaptation following a life changing loss. This period encompasses mourning, which includes behaviors and rituals following a death, and the wide range of emotions that go with it. Sorrow is the state of ongoing sadness not overcome in the grieving process; though not pathological, persistent
This paper examines the implications of grief, bereavement and disenfranchised grief. Grief in response to a loss is a unique experience and is expressed distinctively by every individual. It is helpful to have models that outline the stages of grief that need to be experienced in order to achieve acceptance. However, their utility is limited by the reality that grief is immeasurably complex and individualized. Veterans and children are two groups at risk of developing disenfranchised grief. Therefore, it will be important for nurses to be able to identify those suffering with disenfranchised grief or other forms of maladaptive grief so appropriate intervention may be employed.
People tend to deal or cope with death in a variety of ways, ranging from a very pleasant or healthy way to destructive. It really depends on how mentally strong and how much support you collect from family member, close friends, or possibly people who have dealt with similar trauma. Joe Manetti from “Always a Motive,” and Eric Clapton, singer and songwriter of “Tears in Heaven,” display quite an army of differences. However, they make it visible that they are not to different from one another. Clapton exposes that he is able to make it through such rough times by writing music. Joe Manetti on the other hand struggles with living with his misery because he does not have a strong outlet of emotions like Clapton does . Grief can be a
The need for this study find the best practices in which will assist the complicated grief interventions that fail to reduce stress for future clients. In past studies, uncomplicated grief was being broadly defined as a bereavement response with acute distress in the first 6 to 12 months which was not social, physical, occupational functioning. Today, the individuals who are experiencing uncomplicated grief are seeking services to receive effective interventions. The knowledge of this topic will be used for adults experiencing uncomplicated grief seeking recommendations for future interventions conducted in this study (MacKinnon, et al., 2016).
Grief is the act following the loss of a loved one. While grief and bereavement are normal occurrences, the grief process is a social construct of how someone should behave. The acceptable ways that people grieve change because of this construct. For a time it was not acceptable to grieve; today, however, it is seen as a necessary way to move on from death (Scheid, 2011).The grief process has been described as a multistage event, with each stage lasting for a suggested amount of time to be considered “normal” and reach resolution. The beginning stage of grief is the immediate shock, disbelief, and denial lasting from hours to weeks (Wambach, 1985). The middle stage is the acute mourning phase that can include somatic and emotional turmoil. This stage includes acknowledging the event and processing it on various levels, both mentally and physically. The final stage is a period of
Death comes in many forms. Along with death comes grief, a very common emotion that friends and family often feel after the death of a loved one. Too often people try to avoid talking about death and how dying works. In my opinion, chapter nineteen does a great job explaining not only the process of death but the process of grief as well. In this paper, we will discuss my three favorite points in this chapter; death across the lifespan and how death differs at each age, confronting death and coming to terms with it, and grief.
“Grief can't be shared. Everyone carries it alone. His own burden in his own way” (Lindbergh). Grieving the loss of a loved one can be the most emotionally draining time of any human being’s life. Not only is this a time for saying good bye to the ones we hold dear in our hearts, but it is also a time for change, change that is not seen as pleasant or embraced. This change is continuing on in life without the ones we have lost. For the majority, this experience is difficult but most have the support and love of family to make it through, but for others, this can be a lonesome and maybe even an impossible task. This experience will affect a person both emotionally and physically, but it is important to learn how to cope with the pain,
Dying and grief are natural occurrences, from the beginning of time both have been a transition in living. Over the course of history, medical advancements have changed the life expectancies and processes in which people are experiencing death and dying. In today’s society having a loved one live with a terminal diagnosis for an extended period of time is increasingly replacing sudden and unexpected death as the norm. Death itself has become less of a sudden and unexpected event. In its place has come a common process that begins with a terminal diagnosis, which proceeds through a period of treatment (or treatments), and ends eventually in death. This process now means that both the terminally ill individual and their family are confronted
Some of the types of grief are: normal grief, anticipatory grief and disenfranchised grief. Normal grief is when people move from loss to acptance of the loss. Normal grief also has little impact on the person’s life in the long term because many of the symptoms will lesson over time. This would be what a large part of the population go through when they experience loss, but there are other types of grief that have long lasting effects. A form of grief that is felt before the loss is anticipatory grief. This type of grief is experience by the family of someone who is dying, they have time to process the idea that a family member is dying and to accomplish any tasks that need to be addressed. At times even when families know that people are dying they may not have the chance to grieve like they need to because of society. For those do not follow what is considered normal, greieving can sometimes be difficult. The type of grief that deals with this aspect is disenfranchised
All life leads to death. It only takes a blink of an eye; one exhalation of breath to transfer from is, to was. This idea, in more ways than one, causes many a man to experience what is known as death anxiety. Death anxiety is a feeling of apprehension when thinking about death whether it is of his own, or the death of another. Death anxiety became present in my life in March of 2009. In one brief moment a reckless driver smashed the drivers side door of my grandmothers car and took her life instantly. It was then I began to realize that death is unpredictable, and unforgiving. Consequently I began suffering from death anxiety for myself, and my family members. I took every safety precaution I could, and stayed by my loved ones as if I could save them from their impending death, whenever that may be. To overcome this feeling that consumed my life, I had to accept that death will come no matter what, and that it has to happen. With this newfound knowledge I was able to put my death anxiety to rest. I believe that the Epicurean Theory of death is the most realistic and calming approach to death anxiety.
Let us begin with defining self-report studies of death anxiety. According to the text book Death, Society, and the Human Experience there were four self-tests used to aid in determining one’s level of anxiety in regards to death. These tests would allow one to understand how they felt about their experiences with death as well as, what they believed about death, dying, and the afterlife. The four topics included in the inventory were: knowledge base, attitudes and beliefs, experiences with death and feeling. Each survey is intended to aid the survey taker in determining what areas they lack knowledge in, what their greatest fears maybe. Accordingly, death anxiety is defined by what a person’s attitudes are how they respond emotionally and what they believe when confronted with thoughts of death or the reality of it with themselves or others.
Grief can be defined as the internal and external reaction of a person to the perception of loss and it is a normal response (Smith & Segal, n.d). In life all human beings deal with grief at some point or another. The causes of grief could be the loss of a loved one, the diagnosis of a terminal illness, the illness or disability caused by an accident, divorce, miscarriage or even a natural disaster (Smith & Segal, n.d). The depth and duration of the grieving process depends upon the personality of the person, the coping ability, the experiences of life, and the
Grief is defined as “mental suffering or distress in response to a threatened or real loss, as of loss of a body part or function, death of another person, or loss of one’s possessions, job, status, or ideals,” (Grief, 2003). While most are familiar with the five stages of grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance), most are unaware that there are different types of grieving. The three main types of grief are uncomplicated/normal grief, anticipatory grief, and complicated grief (Lowey, 2015). Additionally, there are four subset categories to define the type of complicated grief one is going through: chronic, delayed, masked, and exaggerated grief (Lowey, 2015). With so
When death occurs to a loved one, it is extremely difficult for families to cope with the loss. Although death is a part of life, it is hard to accept and handle when the person who has died is a big part of your life. Following the death of a close family member or friend, it is common knowledge that loved ones will experience an episode of grief and unhappiness. Despite the misery they must struggle through, they will eventually accept the death and return to their normal daily routines. Although this is expected for people who are grieving, there are some cases when loved ones may not be able to move past the grieving stage, which can lead to further difficulties. It is important to understand why someone may have a more difficult time moving past the grieving stage and the potential risks they may face in the future if they cannot cope with the death. In addition, it is important to understand that the same event can affect people differently which is why a support plan is vital for people who are having difficulties with dealing with a death.
When we as humans lose a loved one, whether we realize it or not, we are immediately tasked with dealing with the new reality that that person is physically gone. This involuntary strategy is known as coping. Coping is defined as coming to terms with problems, difficulties, or responsibilities. (CITE Dictionary) Elisabeth Kübler-Ross was a prominent