The Love Canal Disaster By Lois Gibbs

The case of Union Electric Company v. EPA began on January 21, 1976 and ended on June 25, 1976. The case was brought to the court by the Union Electric Company after they had failed to meet the implications of the Clean Air Act (CAA) despite their attempt to revise their SO2 emissions. The Union County Electric company was supposed to undergo a review of Missouri’s State Implementation Plan (SIP), but did not. The Union County Electric Company had reduced their SO2 emissions to the point where they were adequate on a county and state level; however, their emissions violated Missouri’s SIP.

However, Edward’s contract was not renewed after this complaint. (Paynter 94) Soon after, the Washington Post exposed this cover up to the public. (Paynter 94) As a result of this exposed story, the EPA advised people to flush their water lines. (Paynter 94) However, the EPA’s health advice “actually increased [lead] exposure” (Paynter 94) to the whole water line. Soon after, congressional investigations found that “hundreds, maybe thousands, of children had been affected [because] municipal authority in DC had disregarded test results for years” (Paynter 94). This catastrophe is almost similar to the situation that occurred in Flint. It was a result of government back tracking and ignoring common warning signs. However, this occurred during 2003, before the massive explosion of mobile devices and the Internet. There was little public response unlike the incident in Flint that occurred a decade later.

Characters: Leo is a person that never gives up on getting something that he believes should be his, How “ He looked around for his gold nugget” And he never gave up on looking for it. Also leo never likes to leave anyone behind how he saved his friends/not so good friends from the the fire in the building, They would of died almost if it wasn’t for Leo. He saves good or mean, Which i thought was pretty cool and nice, And as a gift guys gave leo the sack quickly and let him have his gold nugget while in the burning building, I think that this main character is the best one I’ve seen yet. Leo, A saviour of good and bad people. :)

“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth (Genesis 1:1).” The love and respect for the outdoors is something everyone should value, many things promote this way of life, due to its extravagance and true freedom in this great creation. They can sometimes go to that outdoor place in books, poems, art, and even some news articles. Much of this world doesn’t get to see the other side of America; they don’t get to see the best part, the outdoors.

Amos Kincaid was born to Delilah Kincaid in November 1833. Jake Kincaid, a trapper and dowser was the father of Amos, and left every couple of months to continue trapping. He would return in the later months to visit Amos, for Delilah died giving birth and Jake wasn’t prepared to raise him. For the first majority of his life, Amos was raised by his aunt Rebecca and his uncle Gil. Rebecca was kind hearted but couldn’t bear children. Over time Rebecca taught Amos to read and write, along with some children from the Native American tribes. This ended however when Rebecca came down with smallpox. Which she obtained from tending to the Native American children, who didn’t want to receive the vaccination. Rebecca then begged Gil to shoot her to relieve

Supporters from New Jersey and around the Raritan Bay decided to take the problem to the government and protest that the factories/companies are responsible for this mess. The factories/companies that are the most responsible would be for polluting the Raritan Bay that threw their waste or extra products to get rid of it; those are responsible, don’t believe that they, but there are documents that prove that they are responsible. The townships near the bay, has decided to either get the factories to pay for the $79 million dollars to clean the bay or go to court for like $5 million dollars for the lawsuit. And of course, the factories don’t believe that they have caused this HUGE mess, they decided to go to court instead of taking ownership of the mess and clean the

The prevalence of environmental issues in the public awareness reached a point where government was forced to take action in 1979. When Henry Love abandoned construction of a canal in New York in 1920, the site was bought by Hooker Chemical and used as a toxic chemical waste dumping site for the next 33 years (Schons 2011). Then in 1953 Hooker Chemical sold the Love Canal to the school board, and construction of a school began. In the mid to late 1970s, when children’s shoes began melting to the ground and children got sick the residents organized and protested. Media coverage increased and showed toxic black sludge oozing into people’s basements (Schons 2011). The lack of awareness of environmental and health consequences of chemical dumping

against an EPA compliance order until the case was brought to the US district court first, then

Lois Gibbs and the other homeowners at Love Canal had no idea that their neighborhood was built on a chemical dump. So for this question I went to the EPA website and looked up three different superfund sites closest to me. My findings were actually shocking. There were four to five different super fund sites near where I live and most of them were in Newark. I did not realize that they were only two towns away. Before this assignment I had no idea about these superfund sites. I did know that Passaic river is a dirty river because Newark was an industrial hub before.

They have increased attention to the problem through media outlets and policy makers, and the number of organizations have increased to fight environmental injustices (9) One of the first major environmental justice events that sparked the attention of the environmental justice movement was the 1982 PCB landfill in Warren county North Carolina located in a predominantly African American community. The landfill ignited protests and over 500 people were arrested (2). Patterns of environmental injustices were studied and results concluded that “race was the single most important factor in predicting the location of hazardous facilities” (9). The studies showed that 3 out of 4 hazardous waste landfills were placed in predominantly African American communities and it took nearly two decades to get the landfill cleaned up. It took 1.8 million dollars to detoxify the contaminated soil and dig up and burn the soil at over 800 degrees F to remove the PCBs contaminating it (2). The soil was then put in a pit the size of a football field and seeded to grow grass over it (2). The federal government under President Clinton in 1994, who issued an executive order, required federal agencies to include environmental justice considerations in policy issues and assessments when

Soon after, the Love Canal exploded (www2.epa.gov). Rainwater filled the soil raising the chemicals to the surface. These chemicals filled in homes, the school, and created many problems for families. Children became burned, people found themselves with inflamed skin, and mothers had to watch their children suffer with sickness. Along with these effects came one that seemed a nightmare. Children were born with birth defects. One child was born deaf, with a cleft lip, and even had an extra row of teeth. Another child was born without eyes. Mothers became frightened. Frantically, they went to the government for help. The families wanted the problem fixed without losing their homes or moving away. They wanted the government to relocate them and fix the problem, but the government didn't listen, so the mothers began to riot. They started petitions, marches, and gatherings for the community. Picket signs were made and children marched with their swollen

Betty Blackacre is in contract with Donald Developer to sell a tract of land to him for the development of an industrial park. Several distinct issues have arisen concerning an EPA regulation, the Virginia fee structure for waste facilities, and the jurisdiction of the suit brought in NY by Donald Developer. We turn to question the legal validity of the EPA order, the constitutionality of the waste disposal fee structure under the commerce clause, and the grounds for which Betty’s motion to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction stand.

After the relocation of the Love Canal’s community, numerous number of lawsuits have been filed against Hooker Pharmaceutical. At the beginning of 1979, the State Supreme Court rejected a $2.5 billion lawsuit filed on behalf of nine hundred (900) residents against Hooker Chemical, the City of Niagara Falls, the Niagara County Health Department, and the Board of Education of the City of Niagara Falls. By the end of 1979, over eight hundred (800) lawsuits were been filed against Hooker Chemical for a total of $11 billion (Wald, 1994). After all the hardships and tragedy the Love Canal community had to go through, they did not settle that soon for the lawsuit and kept on fighting for what they knew they so rightfully deserved. Therefore, in 1983

The Bronze Age ended in the early twelfth century B.C. with the destruction descended upon the cities throughout the eastern Mediterranean and plunging some lands into a dark age that would last more than four hundred years (Drews, pg. 3). However, this destruction marked a dawn of time for Israel, Greece, and Rome origins (Drews, pg. 3). The transition from bronze to iron was the only tangible innovation, however with the Iron Age came also the development of alphabetic writing, the growth of nationalism, republican forms of government, monotheism, and rationalism (Drews, pg. 3). For Robert Drews, in The End of The Bronze Age, this was “one of history’s most frightful turning points” as he focuses on the widespread destruction of city and palaces labeling it “The Catastrophe”. To gain an eastern Mediterranean perspective on “The Catastrophe”, Drews presents a chronological outline starting in ancient Egypt. There is one documentary source during this time that Ramesses III inscribed on the wall of his mortuary temple at Medinet Habu (Drews, pg. 4). The line of pharaoh’s succession throughout ancient Egypt provides a link to the destruction of cities near

A beautiful city, Niagara Falls in the state of New York, ruined by careless decisions of the city of Niagara Falls and The Hooker Chemical Company. Families suffered and died from several of diseases cause by toxic waste that was place underground near homes and schools. A mother, Louis Gibbs who lived near the Love Canal said, “ When I brought this American dream home my son was one and very healthy. Then he started to get very ill and experiences some liver problems, asthma, and then epilepsy. I could not understand, they came one after another, until I read a series written by Mr. Michael Brown, who explained that the Love Canal has toxic waste underneath the neighborhood school and it leaches in resident homes.” She continued on by