The Management Theory : Chris Argyris 's Theory Of Achievement And Orientation Theory Essay

Herzberg’s two factor theory of motivation at the workplace shows the difference between two factors of motivation. The two factors being satisfiers, which are the main causes for job satisfaction (motivation), from hygiene factors which are the main causes for job dissatisfaction (demotivation to stay in the job). Examples of motivating factors are achievement, recognition, responsibility and the work itself. Hygiene factors include: working conditions, salary, relationship with colleagues, supervision, etc. An organisation needs to influence satisfiers through performance management using range of tools such as: job descriptions, supervision, performance appraisals, continuous development/training, rewards and career development.

Mitchell (1982, p.82) describes motivation as “the degree to which an individual wants and chooses to engage in certain specified behaviours”. Hence, in general, behaviour is determined by certain motives, thus, Vroom and Deci (1992, p.33) considered motivation “as the causes of our behaviour”. Moreover, according to Mullins (2013, p.245) motivation is concerned with question “why do people do what they do?”, because motivation is an inner driving force which leads to particular action to achieve some aim and fulfil some need. In other words, Chartered Management Institute (cited in Mullins, 2013, p.246) observes that, “the aim of management is to give people what they really want most from work”.

Herzberg did a job satisfaction study of accountants and engineers, after that he developed this theory. He found that there are two groups of factors affect to an employee’s job satisfaction or job dissatisfaction. Herzberg's two-factor theory is probably the most widely known and accepted approach relating directly to job satisfaction. Herzberg addressed, the problem of job satisfaction in terms of those factors which cause satisfaction (motivators) and those which cause dissatisfaction (hygiene). This information then becomes the basis for evaluating an individual's job and making the changes necessary to increase worker motivation. Herzberg's two-factor theory of job-satisfaction is not new, as a matter of fact; it dates back to 1959 and is the outgrowth of a research study project on job attitudes conducted by Herzberg, Mausner and

According to Herzberg two factor theory there are “two issues that play an important role in the workplace experience: hygiene factors and motivational factors”( Fischer and Baack, 2013 ). Hygiene factors contains wages, hours, working conditions and relationships with supervisors. Motivational factors consist of achievements, recognition, actual work or job, responsibility, and the chance for advancement or growth, and relationships with peers. Herzberg states that a person is either satisfied and driven or unfulfilled and

According to Bateman & Snell (2009), Motivators to employee job performance are centered on extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards are characteristics of the workplace that attract and retain people. They revolve around organization and management policies, working conditions, pay, benefits, and other so-called “hygiene” factors. Intrinsic rewards are motivators that provide employees personal satisfaction in the performance of their jobs such as opportunities for personal and career growth, recognition and the feeling of achievement in the successful completion of a task. (p. 486). Herzberg’s two-factor theory suggests

Intrinsic factors, such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth seem to be related to job satisfaction. When respondents questioned felt good about their work, they tended to attribute those factors to themselves. On the other hand, when they were dissatisfied, they tended to cite extrinsic factors such as company policy, administration and supervision. Herzberg deduced from these experiments that the opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, as was believed. He found that removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily make the job satisfying. He thus proposed a dual continuum, where the opposite of satisfaction would be no satisfaction and the opposite of dissatisfaction would be no dissatisfaction (Robbins,1993) According to Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation, organizations cannot begin to motivate employees until that which dissatisfies them has been removed. Hygiene Factors such as salary, working conditions and supervision are not motivators even when they are being met. Other types of hygiene factors include, company policy, poor interpersonal relations and job security. The meeting of lower-level needs of employees is not motivating, but can have a de motivating impact if not met. True motivation only kicks in when an employee’s higher-level needs are met (La Motta,

Working within Skills and Learning as part of Babcock international group I have chosen the following theories of motivation as it is felt that they represent how we as a business support not only our staff but our customers through the learning cycle. The Motivational theories that I will be using are Maslow Hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s Motivational and Hygiene Theory.

People are motivated by different rewards and therefore, a manager must know each employee’s reason to why they are working at the organization (Ivancevich, Konopaske and Matteson, 2014). Even though there is no best theory of motivation as a manager you have to work even harder to try and understand all your personnel’s motivation (Ivancevich, Konopaske and Matteson, 2014). One aspect of the motivational construct is for certain, the best way to influence individual performance is to have a reward system (Ivancevich, Konopaske and Matteson, 2014). This reward system can also attract outside talent to come and work at the

Talent management is a common term in corporate leadership which refers to a process that covers a key aspect of an employee’s life cycle. The cycle consists of a selection of development, succession and performance management for the purpose of ensuring that an organization has sufficient number of employees in terms of quantity and quality. This critical process ensures that an organization has enough people in place to meet their current and future business priorities. Talent management reflects an organizations commitment to hire, manage and retain talented work force, for the purpose of improving employee’s productivity and customer satisfaction. It is a perfect tool for success and the adoption of efficient talent management practices is the cause of advancement in some of the world’s leading corporations. One particular example is the bank of America.

that hygiene factors can potentially cause dissatisfaction among their employees, which in turn can lead to the loss of productivity and profitability. Therefore, they gave their employees Herzberg's theory assessment. With these results, the company is able to provide competitive pay and bonuses that can motivate employees to work harder XXXX believes that rewarding hard working employees satisfies the motivating factor of job security. The company confirms

The Two-Factor Theory addresses work conditions and how they relate to an employee’s experience. This theory is comprised of a hygiene factor and a motivation factor. Hygiene factors are what we expect in any decent job, they help to avoid job dissatisfaction. They include company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relations, working conditions, salary, status, and security (Weisberg, 2016). Motivation factors increase job satisfaction, and improve general working conditions. They include achievement recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth (Weisberg, 2016). McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y address the different management styles that may need to be used in the workplace, because one management style that motivates one individual may not motivate a different individual. Theory X represents “a set of assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by lower order needs” (Weisberg, 2016). Those individual’s who fall under Theory X tend to be dependent upon others and lack leadership and responsibility. Theory Y represents “a set of assumption of how to manage individuals who are motivated by high order needs” (Weisberg, 2016). Those individual’s who fall under Theory Y tend to be independent, self-motivated, and responsible. Motivational theories help employer’s to better understand and classify their employee’s based on what motivates them to perform in the

Talent management grew to be recognized in the 90s, but can be traced to the 1950s and 1960s in the form of three management theories namely: Chris Argyris’ theory of personality and the organization; Frederick Herzberg’s two factor theory; as well as David McClelland’s concept of achievement and orientation theory.

Using Herzberg and Maslow theories I will show that motivation for staff to work well depends on more than a high salary and good working conditions.

Motivation in the workplace is one of the major concerns that managers face when trying to encourage their employees to work harder and do what is expected of them on a day-to-day basis. According to Organizational Behavior by John R. Schermerhorn, James G. Hunt and Richard N. Osborn the definition of motivation is "the individual forces that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a person's effort expended at work." They go on to say that "motivation is a key concern in firms across the globe." Through the years there have been several theories as to what motivates employees to do their best at work. In order to better understand these theories we will apply them to a fictitious organization that has the following

In a historical aspect the evolution of management consist of six approaches starting with America’s Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century to the present: Classical, Behavioral, Quantitative, Systems, Contingency and Quality. Before the creation of factories the need for managerial skills was not needed, since products and services were delivered on a small scale and by hand. But with the invention of engines that did not require rivers to make them run, companies started to create factories to produce products in mass quantities requiring a need for more knowledge in the field of management.