The Mathematical Formulation Of An Objective Function

Var (r$ )  Var (rFC )  Var (rX ,$ / FC )  2Cov(rFC , rX ,$ / FC )

Somehow not only drugs but other option to treats tumour for targeted therapy oncologist will used radiation which radioactive rays are used to cure or palliate cancers. The objective is to deliver a therapeutic dose of radiation to the malignant tissue, leaving healthy, surrounding tissues unharmed. Radiation therapy is used to treat many cancers, including cancers of bone, brain, breast, cervix, lymphoid tissues, and uterus. By then, from diagnosis through end of life, nurses play an obscure role in enhancing the quality of life of the patients especially which has undergone the treatment or newly diagnosed. Nurses are in a unique position to manipulate both the physiologic

From surgery to radium exposure to such extremes as radiation therapy, as doctors’ knowledge of the varying types of cancer, and the expansion of medical research regarding cancer has changed, so has the preferred method of treatment. Doctors and researchers dedicated to studying cancer have led to a greater understanding of cancer development; consequently the development of treatments and cures that are more effective, less harmful, have fewer side effects, and in some cases serve to prevent the spread of cancer.

Minimizing FN results would increase sensitivity because when the FN is minimized the TP is maximized so as to maintain a constant denominator (TP + FN). So increasing the value of TP will result in increasing sensitivity.

Cancer is an incurable and unpredictable disease that, if left untreated, will likely result in death for the men, women, and children who must fight it. Sadly, approximately 36% of people will develop cancer during their lifetime, and of that percentage, fewer than 15% will survive, according to the National Cancer Institute. Along with surgery and chemotherapy, radiation is one of the few known methods for treating cancer, but it does not come without harmful side effects. While radiation therapy is currently a proven method for treating cancer, dangers to patients often outweigh its benefits, therefore a safer method for effectively treating and ultimately curing cancer.

σ_(R_X )=√(((∂R_X)/(∂V_1 ))^2 〖σ_(V_1 )〗^2+((∂R_X)/(∂V_2 ))^2 〖σ_(V_2 )〗^2+((∂R_X)/(∂I_D ))^2 〖σ_(I_D )〗^2+ ((∂R_X)/(∂R_S ))^2 〖σ_(R_S )〗^2 )

It is the use of high-powered x-rays that destroy tumor cells. A radiation oncologist is the doctor who specializes in radiation therapy. There are two types of radiation therapy: 1.) external-beam radiation which is given from a machine outside the body and 2.) internal radiation which is given using implants. The external-beam radiation therapy is much more common than internal radiation. It can be directed at the tumor in many ways such as conventional radiation therapy, 3 dimensional conformal radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, proton therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. Choosing one of these techniques depends on the size and location of the

6 Megavoltage (MV) photons treat many superficial tumors. More importantly, they often require a bolus to bring the depth of maximum dose closer to the skin surface. Also, a bolus compensates for uneven skin surfaces or irregular contours on the patient’s surface. The depth of maximum equilibrium describes the depth in which the maximum dose of the formulated radiation deposited into the skin (Washington & Leaver, 2010). Bolus material should be flexible, pliable, and tissue-equivalent. There is no study that compares green Play-Doh, orange Play-Doh, water and uncooked rice to Superflab for providing maximum dose buildup, Dmax.

3-D conformal radiation therapy allows the beams of radiation used in treatment to be shaped to match the tumor. Conformal radiation therapy uses information to focus exactly on the tumor. This will help with avoiding the healthy surrounding tissue. It is a very advanced method for radiation therapy but is highly suitable for cancer patients.

Cancer, like other illnesses does not discriminate. It affects the rich and the poor and anyone who is susceptible to it. According to the American Cancer Society, millions of people are diagnosed each year. With these diagnostics, there are also many deaths. This is because some people do not respond to treatment or they come in too late. There have been some cases where there are no treatments or cures for the type of cancer as well. Cancer is like a plague and it has to be stopped and it takes the job of  radiation therapists and many other oncology specialists to come together to defeat it.

In radiation therapy, d-max is a very important factor when a patient’s treatment is being planned. According to Washington and Leaver (2010), the d-max is defined as the depth at which the radiation beam is at its maximum dose. Different energies produce a different d-max, and to properly treat the tumor, dosimetrists and radiation oncologists must be aware of each depth of maximum dose. When a doctor’s radiation therapy prescription calls for more superficial treatments, it can be hard to find an appropriate energy due to the fact that the energy can max out too deep within the patient. The use of bolus will raise the d-max, or bring the d-max closer to the surface. Bolus will attenuate some of the radiation and in turn

According to The American Cancer Society, 43.92% of males and 38% of females have the risk of developing cancer during his/her lifetime (“Lifetime Risk,” 2013). External beam therapy is a common cancer treatment that is distributed from a machine and is focused on the cancer inside the patient (External Beam Therapy, 2014). The treatment is a lot like getting an x-ray only the treatment is more time-consuming and uses a high dosage of radiation which is measured in units called Gray (Gy) (“External Beam Therapy” n.d.). Some of the machines for external beam therapy include linear accelerators, cobalt machines, and orthovoltage X-ray machines (Hopkins, n.d.). The type of machine used on each patient will be decided by the radiation oncologist (Hopkins, n.d.). The machine will not touch the patient and as you read further you will learn it does not hurt, and the radiation cannot be seen, felt, or smelled (“Lifetime Risk”, 2013). External Beam Therapy is an effective and safe treatment plan used to treat cancer.

Glioblastoma Multiforme is a brain tumor with fatality rate of 99%, and due to its high recurrence rate, strong biomedical control over the resection site is crucial for patients’ survival. Increasing the drug release distance from 1cm to 2cm with our new method would contribute to the field of brain tumor treatment and assure the patient's’ survival.

In 2007, it is predicted that almost 1.5 million people will be diagnosed with cancer in the United States (Pickle et al., 2007). More than half of these cancer patients will undergo the use of radiation as a means for treating cancer at some point during the course of their disease (Perez and Brady, 1998). Cancer, a disease caused by an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, affects millions of people around the world. Radiotherapy is one of the well known various methods used to treat cancer, where high powered rays are aimed directly at the tumor from the outside of the body as external radiation or an instrument is surgically placed inside the body producing a result of internal radiation. Radiation is delivered to the cancerous regions of the body to damage and destroy the cells in that area, terminating the rapid growth and division of the cells. Radiation therapy has been used by medicine as a treatment for cancer from the beginning of the twentieth century, with its earliest beginnings coming from the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. With the advancements in physics and computer programming, radiation had greatly evolved towards the end of the twentieth century and made the radiation treatment more effective. Radiation therapy is a curative treatment approach for cancer because it is successful in killing cancerous tumor cells and stop them from regenerating.

In order to run an organization to its best ability, operations managers can rely on linear programming as a way to guide them in to better decision making in a more confident fashion. Linear programming gets the most effective use out of an establishment’s resources, this is always the ideal condition for companies, and nobody wants to be knowingly throwing resources down the drain. In order for an operations manager to successfully administer a linear programming equation, the OM must have four requirements: an objective, constraints, alternative and linearity.