The Mechanisms For The Development Of Thrombosis On Plaques

Many of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease cause problems because they lead to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the narrowing and thickening of arteries and develops for years without causing symptoms. It can happen in any part of the body. Around the heart, it is known as coronary artery disease, in the legs it is known as peripheral arterial disease. The narrowing and thickening of the arteries is due to the deposition of fatty material, cholesterol and other substances in the walls of blood vessels. The deposits are known as plaques. The rupture of a plaque can lead to stroke or a heart attack. (World Heart Federation).

Many risk factors play a role in development of CAD one of these factors is genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis that increase

Among the non-modifiable risk factors, age plays a role because naturally, over time, body tissues become weaker and more prone to damage, therefore more prone to attracting the attachment of cholesterol and platelet plaques. Genetics contributes by causing some individuals to be more prone to high cholesterol and high blood

     There are eight major contributors that result in heart disease: heredity, smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol (LDL), physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, and arterial inflammation. The remaining seven contributors can be controlled, or at least reduced to safer levels that will help prevent or even reverse the disease, prevent a heart attack, and prolong one’s life.

Much of the burden caused by cardiovascular is preventable. Major modifiable risk factors include tobacco smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, insufficient physical activity, overweight and obesity, diabetes,

The Merck Manual (2013) highlights the serum lipid profile as the most common diagnostic tool to identify hyperlipidaemia. This measures the total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDLs, LDLs and VLDLs. However, the test should be conducted after the illness has been treated because triglycerides, lipoproteins and cholesterol may be lower due to the body being in an inflammatory state. If there are high LDL levels, lipoprotein(a) and C-reactive protein levels can also be measured in the blood. Those with high triglyceride levels may also have LDL particle number or apoprotein B-100 measurements taken.

After some time passes plaques may solidify therefore limiting blood stream or totally obstructing the corridor. The development of plaque is straightforwardly identified with a people way of life, normal danger elements incorporate stoutness, high blood cholesterol and diabetes. At the point when the endothelium is harmed by blood stream, the cholesterol and fats in the blood get stuck shaping plaques. This outcomes in hypertension due the heart endeavoring to supply obliged levels of blood to the body. In the event that the blood stream to the heart muscles is limited or blocked it may prompt further inconveniences, for example, angina, heart assault or heart

The underlying risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity and an atherogenic diet. The major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this syndrome are smoking, hypertension, increased LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, aging and a family history of coronary events. The emerging risk factors are increased triglycerides, small LDL particles, insulin resistance, a pro inflammatory and prothrombotic state as well as glucose intolerance. The combination of these factors in one person is a predictor of that person having a future cardiovascular event or the onset of type 2 diabetes (Meigs, 2010). With so many risk factors laying down a set of defined parameters can be daunting. It is no wonder researchers often argue over set guidelines. However with more and more people developing these problems, it is necessary to start somewhere.

Versmissen, J., Vongpromek, R., Yahya, R., van der Net, J. B., van Vark‐van der Zee, L., Blommesteijn‐Touw, J., … Sijbrands, E. J. G. (2016). Familial hypercholesterolemia: cholesterol efflux and coronary disease. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 46(7), 643–650.

When examining age in relation to risk for cardiovascular disease, middle-age is for all the highest risk. Males over approximate the age of 41 and females over 47 are at the highest risk for CVD. Genetically those individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease will also be at a higher probability for CVD then those devoid of a family history of the disease. The

It is mainly as a result of one of these three problems: ST elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina and lastly non ST elevation myocardial infarction with chest pain being the main symptom (Linton, 2012). There are five main pathophysiologic processes that contribute to the development of ACS: thrombus on pre-existing plaque, active obstruction from coronary spasm, progressive mechanical obstruction, infection and unstable angina due to oxygen supply to myocardial (Linton, 2012). ACS is mainly caused by thrombus formation on a pre-existing plaque and it can be demonstrated through angiography or autopsies (Marshall, 2010). A thrombus is formed from plasma coagulation and platelets. There are risk factors that contribute to ACS such as cigarette smoking, diabetes, hypertension and high blood cholesterol (Linton, 2012). Both men and women are at a risk of having a heart attack. However it is more common in men especially when having a family background of heart attack, being overweight and inactive (Scruth, Carter, Cheng, Rolley, & Page, 2012). Modifying and identifying the risk factors is important as it can prevent further heart problems.

A recent systematic review of observational data (6 studies) found that the total mortality rate in angina patients was 2.8% to 6.6% per annum(121). At present it is thought that stable angina does not cause permanent myocardial damage. However prompt diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent further complications. Initiation of pharmacological intervention has been shown to retard plaque disease progression and to stabilise the surface endothelium(131).

Crimmins, Hayward, Ueda Saito and Kim in there journal article give statistical data on heart disease and death in both women and men (2008). This article states “37 percent of men and 27 percent of women over the age 65 report having a heart condition” (Crimmins et al., 2008). Crimmins research addresses the many differences in men with coronary artery disease compared to women with coronary artery disease. The study noted that men have a higher mortality rate from heart disease than do women (Crimmins et al., 2008). This article also notes that “40-50 percent of postmenopausal women will develop heart disease” (Crimmins et al., 2008). Crimmins and colleges noted men develop heart disease 5 to 10 years earlier in life than do women ( 2008). Evidence suggests that women who are hospitalized for cardiovascular issues are less likely to “receive certain types of drugs and diagnostic and treatment procedures” (Crimmins et al., 2008). Low socio-economic status and poor educational levels also have a marked effect on men and women’s knowledge of cardiovascular disease and the timing of when they seek treatment (Hemingway, 2007).

The arteries get narrowed stopping the red blood cells to reach the heart. This process is is called atherosclerosis and the fatty material is called atheroma. The fatty material that builds up in the arteries is mostly low density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol. Lipoprotein is a molecule that carries cholesterol throughout the bloodstream. Cholesterol is a fat that is produce by the liver from the saturated

The first category consists of conventional risk factors which include aging. In men, anyone older than 45 is at higher risk and for women, it is 55 or older. Another conventional risk is family history and race, were African American leads is reportedly at a high risk versus someone of Asian race who is far less susceptible. The next category of risk factors is known as Modifiable Risk Factors. As the name indicates this risk factor can be modified and changed to prevent CAD from occurring in a person. These include lack of physical activity, smoking cigarettes, mental stress and depression, and high blood pressure. Next, there are Nontraditional risk factors which include C-reactive protein which in high levels is correlated with CAD. Other factors within this category include fibrinogen, and lipoprotein. Lastly, the final category among these is the miscellaneous medical conditions that are risk factors for