The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory IIi

Since our personalities aren’t influenced by one factor The MMPI with some revisions influenced the development of tests and measurements by providing the ability to conduct objective testing across 10 clinical scales which assess 10 major categories of abnormal human behavior, and four validity scales, which assess the person’s general test-taking attitude

M3 has a two-step scoring method that validates functional psychiatric comorbidity. It also includes a screening cut off

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has a number of features. First of all, every disorder is identified using a name and a numerical code. In addition, the manual provides the criteria for diagnosing each disorder as well as establishes subtypes of a disorder and examples that would illustrate the disorder. The manual goes further by addressing the typical age of onset, culturally related information, gender-related information, prevalence of a disorder, typical clinical course of a disorder, typical predisposing factors of a disorder and genetic family patterns of a disease (Summers, 2009). The DSM-IV is a tool that is used by mental health practitioners and social service workers. As has been demonstrated

DSM-IV-TR- is the official classification system of mental disorders used by counselors, psychologist, social workers, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals in the United States. It is used across settings (inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, private practice and primary care) and with community populations. (Drummond, 2010). The DSM-5 is a very complex assessment where counselors are required to have extensive preparation in the understanding of mental disorders, certain factors can take in place when administering this test and errors can be made such as misdiagnosing or over diagnosing if not properly administered.

(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed) (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).Arlington, VA: Author.

Personality tests are actually considered more valid, reliable, and standardized than projective tests because they are primarily computerized or answered with paper and pencil. The ten scales of MMPI are social introversion, hypomania, schizophrenia, psychasthenia, paranoia, masculinity- femininity, psychopathic deviate, hysteria, depression, and hypochondriasis. Social introversion measures traits such as shyness and sensory overload. Hypomania measures overactivity and emotional excitement. Schizophrenia measures deviant behaviors and uncommon thoughts.

The client was administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- 2nd Edition-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) as an objective measure of their social-emotional and personality functioning. The scores are based on answers to a large number of true/false questions. Based on Mr. Cintron’s responses, this protocol was invalid and uninterpretable due to inconsistent responding. There was evidence of excessive inconsistency because of fixed true responding to the test item.

The assessor wants to note that if Ana was assessed as a child, she would have been administered the MMPI-A. The standard scales of this test contain 9 validity scales, 10 clinical scales, 9 restructured clinical scales, 15 content scales, 15 supplementary scales, and 5 personality psychopathology five scales. It is also important to focus on the 10 clinical scales when assessing the client because this section helps indicate the different psychological or mental conditions. Within the clinical scale you have scales that assess for Hypochondriasis, depression, Hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity/femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion. The hypochondriasis scale is used to assess the neurotic concern over the clients’ bodily functioning. The depression scale is used to assess and identify the clients’ depression described as a dissatisfaction with their own life and a lack of hope. The Hysteria Scale helps to identify individuals who display signs of hysteria when they are in stressful situations. The psychopathic deviate scale is used to identify psychopathic clients, this scale also measures social deviation, lack of disobedience. Next you have Masculinity/Femininity scale

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.

To understand of fundamentals of this assessment, it is important to understand the disorder itself and its effects on individuals, particularly children and

Test worthiness is utilized to determine if an assessment/test is appropriate or suitable to be used. The four criteria for an assessment consist of validity, reliability, cross-cultural fairness, and practicality (Neukrug & Fawcett, 2015). These characteristics should resemble a how a counselor should portray themselves in a Christian worldview because a Christian must be able to utilize testing in a trustworthy manner that would allow for critical thinking to make the best interpretation to treat and encourage clients/patients that is worthy of their humanity. It is important to be able to provide a testing that is consistent and accurate in able to provide an understanding that leads to a better conceptualization and treatment plan. Being

Testing is just one part of the assessment process. The assessment process includes not only the tests given, but the interviews, observations, and other records as well. School psychologist understand the difference between medical and ecological models when it comes to psychological assessment. In the past, the medical model was accepted alone to help explain the issues students might be faced with. However, the ecological model is now welcoming the possibility of other factors to influence the behavior presented by the child (Jacob, Decker, & Hartshorne, 2011).

MMPI-A detect responses from a respondent that are inconsistent and defensive. MMPI-A can be linked with the biological approach that is characterized by chromosomes and hormone mostly in gender. Primary clinical scales of MMPI-A include depression, social introversion, and Psychopathic Deviate in line with our scenario (Berry, Wetter, Baer, Larsen, & et al, 1992). Mental Status Examination is an assessment done during the first stages of treatment. The examination diagnosis or gather information about a person psychiatric needs. Review of the school record is a systematic way of gathering the school performance information history. The review will assist in the tracing where an individual lost the mark and also the scale of the problem associated. The review of prior medical records is a way of trying to establish whether any health issue can be associated with the case or problem at hand. Interview and observation monitor the behavior of an individual towards stimuli. In a session of the interview, the interviewer listens, internalize and observes the behavior of the client. On the other end, the interviewer creates a condition for the client (stimuli) in which she is supposed to respond to. Thus the interview and observation use the behaviorist approach to obtain the information needed for assessment. Interview and

American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.