The Minangkabau Ethnic Group

In the Ulladulla area the Budawang Tribe inhabited the Conjola, Lake George to Moruya, the Budawang tribe spoke Dhurga, which is an Aboriginal language spoken from Jervis Bay to Wallaga Lake. The Aboriginal tribal group from Jervis Bay to Twofold Bay was Yuin. Captain Cook first sighted the Budawang Tribe on the shores of Murramarang at Koorbrua Beach in 1770, yet the earliest settlers for the area were in 1828 in the Ulladulla Harbour. (C. Dunn, 2000).

Family is very important to Indonesians. Family defines a person’s position and life and provides, security, status and identity. The family structure that is prevalent is the extended family. This extended family arrangement provides security, along with responsibilities. Children are expected to take care of their parents throughout the life

Sadly, views of people in some of countries nowadays is still as foggy and limited as the people’s views thousand years ago. Having studied these laws, we learned that we need to respect women and honour them. They are very well deserved to be treated fairly, and to be looked up to. Hopefully in the near future, the legal system in Muslim countries will be changed in a positive way to foster the roles of women in the society. Women should have more freedom and should not considered as a tool of labor or a slave for

37). This differs from his culture’s convention where familial relationships are traced through a patrilineal system where inheritance is bequeathed directly from father to son. Perhaps Battuta’s reaction originates from ethnocentrism—he compares other societies by his culture’s standards, resulting in Battuta’s biases. The majority of the Muslim world is a patriarchal; the males are the center of authority, whereas in Īwālātan there is an emphasis on the position of female influence. This concept is difficult for Battuta to accept. Despite these criticisms, Battuta contrasts his disapproval with the Massūfa by citing their devout Muslim qualities, such as the commitment of the Qur’an (the sacred Islamic text) to memory (Battuta, p. 37). However, the redemption is brief. Forthcoming contact between the sexes in Īwālātan serves to further offend Battuta.

The Wampanoag' is a Native American individuals in North America. They were a free alliance comprised of a few tribes. Numerous Wampanoag individuals today are selected in two governmentally perceived tribes, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, or four state-perceived tribes in Massachusetts. In the start of the seventeenth century, at the season of first contact with the English, the Wampanoag lived in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, a domain that incorporated present-day Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket islands. Their populace numbered in the thousands because of the extravagance of nature and their development of corn, beans and squash. Three thousand Wampanoag lived on Martha's Vineyard alone.

Throughout centuries of human existence, women have been deemed as inferior to men in multiple different cultures and religions. Men have developed a norm to be the individual who carries out duties to help maintain a stable life for himself and the family in which he is providing for. Because of this fundamentalist approach towards how society should be, women’s rights have been suppressed throughout political, social, and cultural actions. The Islamic religion in particular, is fond of abusing the rights of women and empowering the rights of men in such a way that it has created a permanent existence of conflict within countries who follow Islam. In fact, in the Quran it states that women must have lesser authority than men, therefore their

The, “Sorrow of the Lonely and the Burning of the Dancers”, is a ethnography written by anthropologist Edward Schieffelin, derived from his fieldwork with the Kaluli people of Papua New Guinea. The main focus of the book of the book is how many of the fundamental notions that are implicit in Kaluli culture are found in the Gisaro ceremony, which Schieffelin uses as, “a lens through which to view some of the fundamental issues of Kaluli life and society” (p1).

The Makah tribe is a very interesting tribe. They hunted, farmed, and enjoyed life! Even though a lot of times they didn’t want to work they did for their people in their tribe.

In The Headman Was a Woman, the Endicotts focus on the Batek society of Malaysia, aiming to understand the basis of their culture and how it differs from ours. The central focal point of their study was how the Batek dealt with gender and gender roles in relation to their everyday lives in the tribe. The Endicotts found that the Malaysian society was an egalitarian one when it came to handling gender, meaning all genders were treated equally. Neither gender was seen as superior nor inferior to the other, rather they were equal to each other and each played to their strong suits in the community.

There have been many debates based on the sacred sites of Native Indians. Many Americans believe that they have a right to those places for recreation and commercialization. The historical preservation of Indian Sacred Sites in Indiana, especially that of the Potawatomi Tribe (Bodewadmi Culture), have come under disputes that led to legal clashes over the management of these sites. Those who debated brought up concerns based on federally owned land, religious freedom, and influences on historical injustice. The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), addresses these issues that surround historic tribal preservation. This impact provides a way for the Potawatomi to consult federal and state divisions on their rights towards historical

There are many political, religious, and cultural factors that shape the lives of Islamic women many of them are completely different than factors in the lives of American women. Islam is one of the world’s fastest growing religions; however, Brooks argues that “Islam’s holiest texts have been misused to justify the repression of women, and how male pride and power have warped the original message of this once liberating faith.” The book also shows these factors have slowly been taking away women’s rights, rather than furthering them.

This joint family, like any social organization, must face problems such as acceptable division of work, relationships and specific family roles. These familial relationships are managed on the basis of a secular hierarchical principle. In fact, all Indians owe respect and obedience to the head of the family, who usually is the father or the oldest man of the family community. In The Gift of a Bride: A Tale of Anthropology, Matrimony and Murder by Nanda and Gregg, it is explained that, “females [are] placed under the perpetual guardianship of first their fathers and elder brothers, then their husbands.” (Nanda & Gregg 22) Thus, all the spending decisions, studies and profession, or marriage, are exclusively the responsibility of the father after the possible discussions with the other men of the family. Age and sex are the basic principles of this hierarchical system. The eldest sons enjoy greater unchallenged authority than their cadets. Of course men have more authority than women, but older married women have an important role within the family. In fact, the authority of a woman depends on the rank of her husband inside the group. Traditionally, the wife of the patriarch rules over domestic affairs and has considerable power over the other women in the community, especially her daughters- in-law.

By preserving the sanctity of the family, the Islamic system provides a strong foundation for a high standard of morality, and values that support the society from friction and subversion. Islam organizes the interaction of men and women in public and private life, establishes a dress code for both, encourages marriage at an early age and impose severe punishments for adultery, fornication and homosexuality. (2)

The rise and expansion of Islam has had a significant impact on the role and rights of women throughout history. Since its origin in the seventh century until modern times, the Muslim faith has somewhat broadened, but has mostly restricted women’s rights in numerous Islamic communities. The history of Muslim women is complex, as it involves many advances and declines in numerous locations, such as Egypt, Afghanistan, and Iran, concerning several subjects, including both civil and social rights. Thus, in general, the rights of Islamic women did not improve significantly over time, instead, conditions remained the same or became worse for women as Islam evolved and spread as a world religion.

Unfortunately, the era of men and women being equal was hasty. Briefly after Mohammed’s death Islamic society changed, so did the interpretations of the Quran to meet different circumstances. Almost simultaneously women became inferior almost being viewed as possessions and property. Having choices was no longer an option for women, whatever the man said became the law. Girls at birth could be killed by their father’s because boys carried the name of the family while girls usually were concubines, workers, or sold. Most significantly women’s roles depended largely on what the husband’s economic status was. If the husband was a farmer the wife had to help in the fields or if the husband worked in the city she had to help run the business.