1. Introduction and Overview
1.1 Introduction: The model and simulation technique has been around for thousands of years. Like the rest of things in our life over the year, model and simulation became more complicated to construct, and still simple to interpret. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary the definition of Model is copy or image; and the definition of something that is made to look, feel, or behave like something else especially so that it can be studied or used to train people. The model and simulation method has been used in different specialties such as engineering, architecture, gaming, and health system. This paper will discuss the roles and benefits of Model and simulation to the system engineering processes and its value to the stakeholders.
1.2 Overview:
The model is a representation of the system using physical, mathematical, or logical approach. The simulation is a model application throughout time. The model and simulation has been used through the different phases of system engineering. M&S is mostly used to examine and validate requirements before building the system itself, and select the best alternative way to build the system. However, the model is not the same as the system. There are many models were developed over the years. There are two classification of models that are important to the system engineer which are descriptive and prescriptive. Some of the most common models in system engineering are:
• Waterfall: Usually shows
In order for any organization to be successful, they must find effective ways to change systems and policies that are ineffective in creating a successful environment. A system consists of four things, elements, attributes, internal relationships, and the system environment. The systems theory is transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence (Heylighen & Joslyn, 1992). The study investigates all the principals common to all complex bodies, and the models which can be used to describe them. Von Bertalanffy (1971) was the creator of the “system” concept, he developed this idea as an answer to the limitations of individual disciplines in addressing complex social issues (Mitchell, 2005). The underlining principal of this theory is that an organization consists of multiple, interdependent parts that collectively form more than the sum of their parts. Developed from the systems theory, are three separate theories with the basis of each being the systems theory. The activity theory considers the entire program versus just one single sector, it sees the operation as a whole instead of sub departments, it combines both micro and macro elements of the organization. The chaos theory does not mean a chaotic hectic situation, rather a situation where there appears to be little to no order, there really is a hidden underlying order. The complexity theory is
Simulation based learning develops skills, knowledge, and attitudes in staff that otherwise cannot be experienced. The staff are put in the client’s position and give them a better understanding of daily struggles. Also puts the focus on the client instead of task completion. 14
Repeatability: In real life, its difficult repeat the exact circumstances again, so you only get one chance to collect the results and you can’t test different ideas under the exact same circumstances. So how do you know which idea is really the best. With simulation software, you can test the same system again and again with different inputs.
Simulation is a method of training that works especially well for individuals who need to make decisions in stressful situations or who operate equipment and cannot rely on their first experience by a live situation.
Simulation is a technique by which the learners are exposed to real-life scenarios in a safe, context-rich experiential learning environment (National League for Nursing [NLN], 2015). Whereas, using a case study the learners can apply the didactic content and theory to a real life situation and conduct an in-depth analysis (Billings & Halstead, 2012).
Peter Holloway is a Systems Engineer with Rolls Royce Limited. He leads a team of simulation tool developers that code, refine, and integrate existing modeling tools that are used in the preliminary design phases of their jet engines. The preliminary design stages involve identifying candidate engine architectures, preparing proposals, and presenting proposals to customers such as Boeing and Airbus. Peter has been involved in simulation for about ten years in a number of different companies and at various levels. His team consists mostly of domain experts that have lent themselves to programming, with between three and five years of systems design experience.
Many educational programs are now using simulation. One issue is how best to prepare instructors for this paradigm shift. Educators will need an extensive understanding of the tools available, the opportunity for their use, and the grade of their practicality. Additionally, educators need to know about the available resources that will develop a functional, meaningful, and practical simulation program.
simulators have been used in a variety of fields such as the military and aviation. Medical
The call to action is clear for EBP and evaluation strategies. To that end, the ten (10) steps applied for framing a simulation informatics infrastructure in the academic environment are presented in this graphic as an approach to outcomes for process evaluation in setting the stage for simulation integration.
The simulation is useful because it evaluates project performance using real criteria, such as the scope, schedule and
A simulation is defined as the imitative representation of one system by another (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). More specifically, the Human Resources Management Simulation is a simulation where students portray the role of a Human Resources Director of a growing company. Its objective is to gain insight into the Human Resources department, develop the basic knowledge of its principles and test new concepts before implementing them to solve and improve the department.
Simulation is a computer process that gives a probable NPV or IRR for a project. All factors that affect the project’s returns are input. The computer then randomly selects one observation from each category. All of the observations are combined and the NPV or IRR is calculated from those figures. Simulation gives a range of outcomes as well as the probability of the outcomes. It provides the total risk level of a project.
Simulations are problem-based units of learning that are set in motion by a particular task, issue, policy, crisis, or problem. The problems to be addressed by the participant may be either implicit or explicit, depending on the nature of the simulation.
System development can generally be thought of having two major components: systems analysis and systems design. In System Analysis more emphasis is given to understanding the details of an existing system or a proposed one and then deciding whether the proposed system is desirable or not and whether the existing system needs improvements. Thus, system analysis is the process of investigating a system, identifying problems, and using the information to recommend improvements to the system. System design is the process of planning a new business system or one to replace or complement an existing system.
Though many people interchange system engineering models and software engineering life cycle models, they are defined as two different approaches to software development. System engineering is the technical and technical management process that results in delivered products and systems that exhibit the best balance of cost and performance. As the program progresses from one phase to the next one, so does the system engineering process. It deals with the overall management of engineering project during their life cycle. Its main focus is knowing what the clients and end users wants and needs are satisfied and developing just that all the way through the system’s entire life cycle. Whereas, on the other hand, software engineering focuses on the quality of the product or system, how cost effective it is, is it done within the time-constraints given, whether it is easy to maintain and enhance, and does it work as the requirements defined. Its main focus is on delivering a product that meets the requirement specifications. There are so many models to choose from, as it all depends on what the project needs and entails. Depending on the requirements, allows for the choice of what mode to use.