The Modern Development Project ( Mdp )

The author published this collection of essays in 2004, when he was approximately at the developed age of 47 years old. The essay can be seen as a nostalgic reflection back to his past, to one of the many worthwhile, valuable, and subtle lessons taught to him by his mother. The author perhaps wrote this specific essay to act as a catalyst for the audience to realize the larger injustices that happen to people around the world like the level of severity in poverty that exists in both undeveloped countries around the world and the ignored corners of our own backyards as a result of the greed and imperialism of capitalist nations and their consumerist ideals. The publishing of this book roughly coincides with the opening of hostilities when the United States invaded Iraq in 2003.

In her article, The Uses of Global Poverty: How Economic Inequality Benefits the West, Daina Stukuls Eglitis states the ways in which western societies have benefited from economic inequality with the poorer nations of the world. To better understand our position, she gives several examples that should help to increase our awareness of the role we play in supporting this economic inequality, and outlines for us how western nations use global poverty to their advantage. She states the specific causes and conditions that lead to the existence of poverty while at the same time supporting and ensuring our culture and quality of life.

Development and underdevelopment are linked and “condition each other mutually” resulting in a divided world that consists of industrial “central” countries and underdeveloped “peripheral” countries (Valenzuela and Valenzuela, 1978, p.544), with the periphery often being constrained by its role in the global capitalist system (Valenzuela and Valenzuela, 1978, p.544).

According to constructivism “The world of international relations is not just the world of material capabilities and materialistic opportunities it is also a social world”. Constructivists believe that actor states are occupied with both normative and material factors. They do not deny that the material world shapes their structure, but they believe that through reflections and discourse, actor states are malleable and influenced by each other. Constructivism thus deals with the process through which principled ideals become social norms. In being so, constructivism becomes a critical component for the international recognition of a state. This becomes crucial for actors, as the internationalization of social norms will ensure compliance over external pressure. Thus, democracy promotion can be subsumed under the socialization and internalization by actors. The persistence of democratic international institutions after the cold war as well as the mass identification of states as democracies and the absence of a strong alternative political ideology have contributed to a process of socialization promoting democratic cooperation. Therefore, after the Cold

First, I will explain the role of empowered institutions and countries in limiting the economic activities of developing countries, impeding on their ability to survive. Afterwards I will explain the obligation people in privileged positions have to improve the lives of those in compromised positions, at a certain degree of self-sacrifices. Finally, I will critically analyze and disprove the counter argument, which attempts to relieve us of the aforementioned duties, by discrediting the roles of institutions and developed countries in the prolongation of impoverishment.

The historical process of state and the modern state is compiled by the issues that arose in order to overthrow old rules and norms to then replace them with new ones better suited and accepted (O’neil 36). The state is a “monopoly of force over a given territory but also a set of political institutions that help create and implement policy to resolve conflict”

without education all over the world. This economic system we agree to live under does

In this essay, we will explain how the levels of analysis allow us to discern and contrast interstates and intrastate conflicts during the Cold War and after it. In international relations and political sciences, three levels of generalization exist to help us to understand the world and its complex problems. The first one, the individual-level, consists in focusing on people on the world stage: it means that individual-level analysis involves understanding how human make decisions and leads to policy. The second one is the state level analysis. Also called domestic level, it suggests an approach to understand world politic by emphasizing the national states as the primary determinant of the course of world affair.

​Today people across the world are engaged in the pronounced discussion about inequality that undoubtable continue to create divisions among the human race. Notably, as time passes by, the economic gaps continue to widen, characterized by those that are continuously becoming prosperous and powerful, while others are held by a stagnated income and the ever raising economic pressure, whereas another lot is left behind in as they languish in the ever growing poverty, dependency, and hopelessness. This has seen an increased in concern among various stakeholders, including academicians, strategyfabricators, and legislators that poverty and disparity is no longer to belook at as an easy social issue that are safely to be subordinated to essentialsecurities in exploiting economic outputs.

The State in modern times is seen more as an enemy of the people then its agent, but it still retains many qualities that allowed the development of the modern world we live in. This chapter provides the main benefits of using the State as an agent for development as well as the negative sides.

The concept of ‘sustainable development’ is one that has faced heated debates for decades now. A seemingly harmless concept, it raises a lot of questions as to what it really entails and how exactly it can be achieved. But with more than 1.3 billion people living in abject poverty (less than $1.25 a day), and with a reported 22,000 children dying every day as a result of poverty (UNICEF), the debate for Sustainable Development becomes interesting as it questions the extremity of economic growth policies, in the war against poverty. Many note economic growth and development as the only tool for poverty alleviation. Roemer and Gugerty, for example, report that GDP growth of 10% per year is associated with income growth of 10% for the poorest 40% of the population. However, others question the extent to which economic growth should be put above other socio-economic factors. Lele points out that the focus on economic growth has led to important ecological and social sustainability, taking the backseat. He argues that due to strong emphasis on economic growth, not enough attention is paid to social equity, and economic stability within the development discourse.

Modernization of the statehood has developed over the course of history, and has clearly defined properties, which give the foundations for ruling. The development of the modern state can only be understood by first evaluating its characteristics. Four major values include: territory, sovereignty (internal and

The questions are raised as what and how the wealth is distributed or allocated among societies. Countries with similar average incomes can differ substantially when it comes to people’s quality of life such as social justice, access to education and health care, job opportunities, availability of clean air and safe drinking water, the threat of crime, freedom of speech, life expectancy, birth-death control, identity, culture, conservation, equal opportunities, environmental change. Development is important as it covers a wide range process involving cultural, economic, environmental, political, social and technological change of a country. Regarding goals and means of development, recent United Nations documents emphasize on human development measured by life expectancy, adult literacy, access to all three levels of education as well as people‘s average income which is a necessary condition of their freedom of choice. In other words, human development incorporates all aspects of individuals’ well -being from their health status to their economic and political freedom. The Human Development Report 1996 of UNDP focuses on development as the end and economic growth a

The term developmental state has been widely utilised to describe any state experiencing a period of economic development and improvement in living standards (Pham, 2012). One of the most significant arguments in this scope is the performance of developmental state model. A number of scholars have attempted to investigate this issue and arguments can be divided into three categories. Proponents of state intervention indicate that the state plays an indispensable role in directing economic development and utilising the resources of the country to achieve development goals. On the contrary, those who oppose state-led model argue

These all different social systems require different approaches regarding development. The crucial point is that PD theorists usually define that the culture, changes in terms of social issues and societal systems, and anthropology are inseparable actors of development which are all interconnected to each other. The intrinsic beyond that is the more prominent the agenda of hegemony becomes, the greater ‘localized’ people and their cultures occupy a role in the agenda of development. (Ferguson:157) Anthropology is believed that it could pave the way for unique forms of projects regarding to development. In addition to that, they should be properly and separately engaged with the ethnographies and anthropologies. These projects play an important role in order to put emphasis on local roots and their resistance against the power of the hegemony.