The Molecular Formula For Thalidomide

A mixture of opium and alcohol was designed back in 1680. However this formula would not surface and be marketed until the 1900's by the Bayer company in Germany as a method to combat the cough associated along with Tuberculosis. It was also used as a method to treat morphine addictions, that is until it was discovered that heroin itself was extremely

After reviewing the article it is clear that more needs to be done to create transparency in the study of drugs and public awareness. As a doctor in Canada Dr. Navindra has a right to access and study information so he can provide due diligence to his patients. If the study found that this drug was harmful to pregnant mothers,

During World War II, the United States and our allies cut off Germany’s opium supply. As a result, German scientists developed methadone in 1937 as an attempt to develop a synthetic opioid that could be created with readily available precursors in order to solve Germany’s opium shortage. These scientists were working for I.G. Farbenindustrie AG at the Farbwerke Hoechst. Upon completion of the war, Farbwerke Hoechst was required by the U.S. Department of Commerce to relinquish all patents, trade names, and research records. In 1947, the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association gave the drug its generic name “methadone”. As the patent rights of “methadone” were no longer protected, any pharmaceutical company interested in the product could invest with ease. In 1947, Eli Lilly and Company became the first pharmaceutical company to introduce methadone into the United

1940s and 1960s as a treatment for seizure disorders, but each time it fell into disfavor because

Opioid drugs and their receptor is one of the most extensively studying areas in pharmacology. This field of research really began from isolation of morphine, an active ingredient of opium, by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner in 1989. The compound he managed to isolate was called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of dream. Later Pierre Robiquet in France isolated the second predominant alcholoid of opium, codeine. After the discovery that morphine can be used as anesthetic in some medical procedures, it became widely used during surgeries (Brownstein, 1993). In 1898, the Bayer Company in Germany synthesized another opioid compound, heroin. Heroin was a non-prescription drug, which was thought to be more potent than morphine in producing analgesia, and more powerful than codeine in cough suppression. The legal production of heroin was suspended in 1925 when high levels of heroin addiction were noticed (Hosztafi, 2001, Tsisanova, 2012). In 1939, Otto Eisleb synthesized meperidine, first opioid ligand structurally not related to morphine. This was followed by the discovery of methadone by Max Bochmühl and Gustav Ehrhart just before the Second World War in unfortunate attempt to synthesize addiction-free opioid (Sneader, 2005, Tsisanova, 2012). 1940s were marked with the discovery of opioid antagonists, nalorphine and naloxone. The later compound is still widely used in research as well as clinically

United States. Its use as a medicine has existed for thousands of years in many

Paul Herman Muller, won a Nobel prize for discovering the ‘wonder-chemical”. DTT was mostly used to pest problems. It was used in World War Two in Europe for potato beetles, also later on for lice, and fleas. This chemical also helped kill many harming diseases, including Malaria and Yellow Fever. This chemical is one of the first chemicals to make it world-wide. The army started putting three millions pounds of it on their supply list, to help with inspect problems. Before spraying, they had no idea what the life- long effects of deadly chemical were going to be.

This drug was discovered when Leo Sternbach was told to create a drug that was safer than the drugs used at that time. The drugs that were not very safe were barbiturates and meprobamate. Leo Sternbach created 40 different drugs but they did not have an effect on animals. Then after a while he decided to make one of the drugs better. Then he put it on a shelf and then it was forgotten about for a while.

As history for those unfamiliar with Laetrile's historical past, the drug (a partly synthetic form of the chemical amygdalin) was patented within the Nineteen Fifties and received reputation in the '70s as an anticancer agent. The national

Thalidomide was a drug made to treat many different health problems and is now known as one of the worst teratogens in history. Thalidomide is most well-known to help with morning sickness in pregnant women, but that’s not what its original purpose was. The original purpose of thalidomide was to use for respiratory problems. Another use of thalidomide that was practiced was to “provide a safe sound sleep” (Thalidomide Victims Association of Canada, n.d.). Overall thalidomide was used as a sedative and was a wonder drug, because it helped many problems. The problems that thalidomide caused were on a global scale. Thalidomide was an over- the- counter drug for multiple countries across the world. In most countries thalidomide was prescribed by a doctor in a certain dose. Some countries that used Thalidomide include Canada, Germany, UK, and Brazil. Including these, Thalidomide was used in about 30 other countries, and effected them on different scales. The problems that thalidomide was originally intended to fix, could have been fixed many other, safer ways. For morning sickness, there are hundreds of safe home remedies, instead of taking Thalidomide. For respiratory problems, you can take an inhaler, or have an oxygen mask. Also, for sleeping problems, there are multiple home remedies. You can take melatonin, which relaxes you, and can naturally be found in the body. A German pharmaceutical company, Grunenthal, was the first to start

In 1996, Another novel use of sertraline was discovered by Pfizer and was granted a patent. the new patent claimed that sertraline can be used for treating cancer. (WO 96/22085)

The expression of phenylthiocarbamide is very questionable concept given such a diverse and vast population of people living on earth with only a 0.1 of difference genetic. Phenylthiocarbamide is white fine powder that when ingest an individual can taste bitterness or nothing. In the mouth, there is gene called TAS2R that encodes for bitter taste receptor. The experiment will test the expression of TAS2R gene using phenylthiocarbamide or PTC on a selected population of Florida International University students for the recognition of bitterness or absent. Twenty-four undergraduate students of Florida International University will be participating in the experiment where height, age, sex, and ethnicity is negligible.

The makers (Shell and Bayer) of these pesticides discovered that these pesticides were working much better as preventative solutions (Shetlar, 2008, p.78). When the chemicals were focused as a preventive rather than aggressively lethal, they were much more potent. One of the first pesticides or neonicotinoids of this type to be sold was called Imidacloprid (Shetlar, 2008, P.78). Imadacloprid is one of the most popular insecticides used of the neonicotinoid group, being founded in 1992 (Fishel, 2005). Imadacloprid is by far the most popular and best-selling of all neonicotinoids. After first becoming available in the United States in 1994, imadacloprid is utilized in hundreds of items and products being sold today (Hopwood, 2012,

In 1957 a German pharmaceutical company, Chemie Grunenthal produced the drug Thalidomide, that would impact the life of more than 10,000 babies worldwide. Originally this drug was produced and marketed as a sedative that was thought to be nearly impossible to over dose on. It was a cheap over the counter drug that was marketed to pregnant women because of its effectiveness of combating morning sickness. Over time this drug became very common throughout Europe, Oceanic Regions, and even Africa. However, this drug had little testing behind it resulting in huge implications. Originally, this drug was tested on lab rats for its sedative purposes, but it was never tested on pregnant rats. Subsequently, many children were born with

In the 1880s at the University of Strasbourg, a patient was given acetanilide, rather than the naphthalene they were meant to receive for treatment of intestinal worms due to an error at the pharmacy. The acetanilide had very little effect but greatly reduced fever temperature in the patient. The discovery of the new drug was published and was in production for several years as it was inexpensive to use, however it had a significant side effect which involved the deactivation of haemoglobin in red blood cells.