The Muslims Of Medieval Italy By Alex M Essay

Many have priorly stated that history repeats itself time and time again. This can be seen throughout history but, especially so during the Crusades. This paper will discuss the parallels between the First and Fourth Crusade. We will also take a brief look at the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade and how it compares to the aftermath of the Second Crusade.

At least the Muslims didn't savagely murder Christians, which was the strategy for the Christian crusaders. How did the Christian crusaders re-conquer the territory they considered to be theirs? The Islamic leaders slowly lost control over their lands due to internal factional differences. Therefore, the Christians were able to make advancements towards the campaign of the re-conquista, the conquest.

In its Golden Age, Islam’s influence reached all the way to Spain, Anatolia, West Africa, and India, among other regions. While these regions were all, in a way, united under a common religion, each of them both altered and were altered by Islam in their own unique ways. Although there were similarities that existed with the spread of Islam to each of those places, many more differences prevailed. Differences and similarities existed in the forms of the role of migration, role of trade, role of cultural exchange, methods of conversion to Islam, and the unique cultural developments in each region.

Overall, there are a number of similarities in the two faiths’ treatment of minority religions. Still, an examination of Medieval Christians' inter-faith relations finds a history of religious diplomacy much more fragmented than that of the Muslims. In Christianity, tolerance and persecution were part of the ebb and flow of the passage of power from one ruler to the next, as well as the power struggle between the church and the state. On the other hand, Muslims had no such struggle; their church and state were one and the same. Unlike Christians, they did not have separate laws for the sacred and profane, the secular and religious. The passage of power from one Islamic ruler to the next rarely brought with it radical amendments in the treatment of infidels, although exceptions did exist.

The Crusades, a series of wars, are an extremely important part of history in the 12th century, occurring during the Middle Ages. The Middle East or the Holy Land was always a place that Christians traveled to to make pilgrimages. The Seljuk Turks eventually took control of Jerusalem and all Christians were not allowed in the Holy City. As the Turks power grew, they threatened to take over the Byzantine Empire and Constantinople. The Byzantine Emperor, Alexius I, asked Pope Urban II for help and Pope agreed, hoping to strengthen his own power. He He united the Christians in Europe and In 1095, Pope Urban II waged waged war against muslims in order to “reclaim the holy land.”

Going against modern day religious beliefs, in 1095AD the Christians went to war to claim the holy city of Jerusalem, massacring the Muslims in a bloody attempt to worship their God. Pope Urban II’s speech at Clermont inspired by claims made by the Byzantium Emperor encouraged the Christians to partake in the First Crusade in an attempt to liberate Jerusalem. The religious and economic factors were the most relevant to cause this crusade, with some influence from desired political gain and little from social factors unrelated to religion. The immediate consequences were positive for the Christians and negative for the Muslims, but the First Crusade launched an ongoing conflict between the Christians and Muslims which had positive and negative consequences for both sides. There are a number of relevant modern sources which examine the causes and consequences of the First Crusade, but, while there are many medieval sources, they do not explicitly discuss the causes and consequences of the war. In order to fully comprehend the First Crusade, it is necessary to analyse the religious, economic, and political factors, as well as the short-term, long-term, and modern consequences.

The results on the crusades were more negative than positive. Document 5 states that “Primarily Italians, had established communities in the crusader states.”

c) Christian crusaders tried to wrest the Holy Land from Muslim control from 11th -14th century.

Patrick Geary’s “Readings in Medieval History” contains four accounts of the invasion of the Middle East by the Europeans in 1095 A.D. These accounts all cite different motives for the first crusade, and all the accounts are from the perspective of different sides of the war. The accounts all serve to widen our perspective, we hear from the Christian and Middle Eastern side of the conflict. Fulcher of Chartres claims, Pope Urban the Second urged all Christians to intervene in the “East” at the council of Claremont, saying it was a sign of “Strength of good will”. (Readings in Medieval History, Geary, page 396).

Chapter five covers the rule of the Norman King of Sicily, Roger II. Roger II rose to power because he embraced rather than opposed the multicultural world of the Mediterranean. While it was vital that he maintained his position as a Christian ruler, he was only able to create a capable economy and bureaucracy in Sicily through an Orthodox and Muslim administration. His success in Sicily made him enemies though, although, these enemies were not of opposing faiths, but of Christians and the Holy Roman Emperor. Roger II’s rule reveals that the Mediterranean world was a diverse region, and the faith of the ruler was not the primary factor in determining the culture or policy of any particular region, but rather that rulers desire to maintain

The first and second Sicilian slave wars took place over a period of seven years in the late second and early first centuries B.C. In this time, the number of slave soldiers swelled to around a quarter of a million men and the slave society became so functional they began coining their own money (Diodorus; 84, 85, 11). In both cases, the Sicilian people’s greed, coupled with the abysmal treatment of their slaves and the Roman government’s complacency, provided the perfect storm for these events to occur. In each instance the rebels faced many difficulties in establishing a functional revolution. Namely, their inability to initially rally behind an individual leader and, later, their lack of military reserves, would prove too difficult an obstacle to overcome. In addition to the slaves, the free people of Sicily were also driven to a state of belligerency caused by the violent nature of the

Even Sardinia, the second largest island of the Mediterranean Sea, has been dominated by various and different populations during its history. As well as Sicily, Sardinia was part of the geographical environment of the new Muslim Empire. Unfortunately, all the documents we have, do not give a certain date of the Muslim landing on the island. The historian Pietro Martini, has done a deep analysis of the ancient Arab text of Ibn el-Athir, who told about his raids in the islands of the Rum Sea, (the Mediterranean), declaring that the Arab incursions in Sardinia have been from 707 to 710, until 752. However, historical scholars are uncertain about the interactions between Sardinia and Arabs, since according to most of them such interactions are limited, and the various naval raids

The purpose of this research paper is to examine why the Byzantine Empire lost the Battle of Manzikert, and how Romanus Diogenes was incapable of being a leader during the Battle of Manzikert with quantitative and qualitative research methods to examine and make the relations between the causes and the results clear for nowadays’ states that this may show them how to survive longer in peace in the world as a sovereign

Through the deliverance of a speech the former Pope Urban II incited Catholics all over Europe to take action in reclaiming the Holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims in the Middle East. It was in this year,1095, that the beginning of the first, of nine, Crusades and thus the first series of religious wars between the Catholics and Muslims begun. The focus of this paper will remain on the Third Crusade (1189-1192 A.D)- more specifically the actions of ‘Islam’s Warrior Hero’ Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb who was better known to the English as Saladin- Sultan of Egypt. How did one individual gain the respect of both his Muslim followers and his enemies- the Catholic Europeans? Throughout history Saladin has been portrayed as a charismatic, honourable, virtuous and chivalrous man by the historians and chroniclers of the Middle East and Europe. Even the Europeans who sought to dislike this man due to his religious affiliations could not, as he encompassed all the qualities in which a great leader and a good ‘Christian’ was thought to possess.

In this essay, I will be discussing the origins and relevancy of Rome’s conquest of Italy during the Middle Republic. Included will be Rome’s governing structure of it’s allied states, and the treaties, both of which aided in the long term success of Rome.