The N-Formylogenesis Of 3-Dioxygenase 2-T

The goal of this paper is to examine whether and how antidepressants are associated suicide risk in adolescents.

Most persons who later attempt suicide have given some indication of being at risk, of having ideation or intent related to suicide. The suicide rate among physicians and nurses is higher than in the general population; their special knowledge of pharmacology and physiology can make attempts more likely to be lethal. Most people who complete suicide have made at least one previous attempt, and a history of prior attempts is one of the strongest predictors of future risk. Some attempts may appear unlikely to have succeeded from the outset, because the means was one of low lethality (e.g., choking oneself with socks wrapped around the neck) or because circumstances would have led to

Antidepressant drugs taken by children have been linked to increased risk of suicide. Exasperated mental health professionals began prescribing antidepressants to children and teens in large proportions in the 1990’s, even though studied safety of such drugs for use in minors had not been conducted. Consequently, standard growth models and brain development may be impaired by the use of these drugs. Moreover, children may be risking one evil for another as adult years could prove to hold adverse side effects and health risks from prolonged use of these drugs.

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has published a fact sheet of statistics on suicide in the United States. In 2007, it is reported that suicide was the tenth leading cause of death. Furthermore, for every suicide committed, eleven were attempted. A total of 34,598 deaths occurred from suicide with an overall rate of 11.3 suicide deaths per 100,000 people. (NIMH, 2010). Risk factors were also noted on this report and listed “depression and other mental disorders, or a substance abuse disorder (often in combination with other mental disorders). More than ninety percent of people who die by suicide have these risk factors (NIMH, 2010).”

(Kirmayer et al., 2007, p. 38) Not only do alcohol and CNS depressants affect a person’s behavior and mood it can also indicate pre-existing psychological factors and social problems that are related to suicidal behavior. (Kirmayer et al., 2007, p. 38)

According to Fowler, Crosby, Parks, and Ivey (2013), suicide and nonfatal suicidal ideations are significant public health concerns for adolescents and young adults. While the onset of suicidal behaviors is observed as young as six years of age, rates of death and nonfatal injury resulting from suicidal behavior are moderately low until 15 years of age (Fowler et al., 2013). According to Fowler et al (2013), the most current available statistics in the United States (U. S.) reported suicide as the third leading cause of death among youth aged 10-14 and 15-19 years, and it was the second leading cause of death among persons aged 20-24 years.

Although antidepressants can be used as an alternative treatment for depression, there are many concerns with regards to this type of treatment. One of the many concerns is that there is a risk of suicide when taking antidepressants. Study by Olfson et al, (2006) support this claim as their comparison between individuals treated with antidepressants and individuals not treated with those, has shown that there was a significant link between suicidal attempts and individuals taking antidepressants. However, this study presents only a link between those and this

Moreover, these drugs' intended effects can themselves have the unintended or undesired consequence of an increased individual risk and collective rate of suicidal behavior: Among the set of persons taking the medication, a subset feel bad enough to want to commit suicide (or to desire the perceived results of suicide) but are inhibited by depression-induced symptoms, such as lack of energy and motivation, from following through with an attempt. Among this subset, a "sub-subset" may find that the medication alleviates their physiological symptoms (such as lack of energy) and secondary psychological symptoms (e.g., lack of motivation) before or at lower doses than it alleviates their primary psychological symptom of depressed mood. Among this group of persons, the desire for suicide and/or its effects persists even as major obstacles to suicidal action are removed, with the effect that the incidences of suicide attempt and of completed suicide increase.[citation needed]

Individuals taking tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) for major depression sometimes use these same drugs to attempt suicide. Unresolved depression can lead to individuals taking further drastic measures to deal with their emotional dissatisfaction. While TCA’s may not always be the most lethal drugs, an overdose can still have life threatening consequences. Following overdose of TCA’s, early identification of predictive symptoms for life endangering seizures and ventricular arrhythmias could allow healthcare providers the opportunity to take preventative measures and thus save lives.

None of these articles in anyway suggest that an individual with serotonin deficiency will be a victim of suicide. Victoria Arango of the New York State Psychiatric Institute says the occurrence of suicide "starts with having an

The administration of antidepressants has no part in the acute management of the suicidal child or adolescent. Nonetheless, numerous pediatric patients hospitalized for suicidality are treated with pharmacotherapy for a fundamental psychiatric issue (eg, bipolar significant despondency). Particular serotonin reuptake inhibitors are regularly utilized, based upon adequacy and mediocrity. All medicines that are recommended for the suicidal child or adolescent must be observed and any change in or symptoms must be reported

Chemical suicides became prevalent in the United States around 2008. Since then, the number of suicides has been rising faster as the years go by. These forms of

Many clinical studies have been used to suggest a role for serotonin in the propensity for depression or suicidal tendencies. Most of these studies measured the level of serotonin in the CSF in certain individuals. Results established a link between reduced serotonin neurotransmission and aggression, impulsivity, depression, and suicidal tendencies. Other data, using markers in presynaptic and postsynaptic serotonergic neurons have shown that reduction in serotonin neurotransmission is a biochemical "risk factor" for suicide (1).

Suicide is a main source of death around the world and ranks among the three main causes of death among young adults aged between 15-45 years. Indeed, a response to this continuous worldwide issue, the World Health Organization called for the prevention of suicide (WHO, 2015). Several studies have evaluated some of the contributing factors, however, the connection between suicide and the evaluated factors is conclusively positive or negative.

Suicide is currently the 10th leading cause of death in the United States (Suicide and Self-Inflicted Injury, 2017). On average, 121 Americans complete suicide each day (CDC Fatal Injuries Report 2015, 2015). The American people are living longer with advances to medical care and technology, yet suicide rates continue to rise. According to the CDC, suicide rates have increased by 24% from the year 1999 to 2014 (Curtain, Warner & Hedegaard, 2016). Consequently, the suicide epidemic continues to grow with no clear path to prevention. This literature review was conducted using the Robert Morris University Library online databases. Databases accessed include PubMed…………., from the years 2000 to 2017. Overall, most the articles obtained are