The Native American Graves Protection And Repatriation Act Of 1990 And Minnesota Statute 307.08

I took the Native American IAT and the Age IAT tests. I thought my results would be that I would have some association with Native Americans because I have Native American in my ancestry. My results were that I had little or no association between Native American and American with Foreign and American. I am not sure if I agree with them or not and that maybe from family history. I have no ideal if this method is truly effective and I would try to make sure that I am being considerate about other people's culture when teaching students and interacting with their families. I took away from this test that I learned new things about my thought process.

The Native Americans have been in North America since about 13,000 B.C.E. and even left traces of art in the state of Ohio. However, those traces have been messed with over the years and an act had to be put in place to protect their burial mounds in particular. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was put in place in 1990 to stop people from removing artifacts out of their graves without meeting certain requirements and have some of them be returned as well. They do not want any more disturbances to the burial ground as it is disrespectful to the tribes and it makes it harder on archeologists to identify the item, where it came from, and how old

In the Article “Redrawing Humanity’s Family Tree” by John Noble Wilford, describes how two different skulls challenge the theories of human origins and migrations. The Central African skull, that dates back to nearly 7 million years ago, was assigned to a whole new genus and species because of its apelike and evolved hominid species. The 1.75-million-year-old Georgian skull shows evidence that the first hominids may have been intercontinental travelers who set motion the migrations that occupied the whole planet. Finally a third skull was found that is the same age and shares a resemblance but, the size of the skull suggests that the brain was smaller than expected for H. erectus.

Socially and clinically these can have crucial implications for Native American populations. At the social level, it indicates a large problem as the possibility for social maladjustment not only becomes seen through the eyes of subjective settler citizens within the United States, but it also makes these subjective opinions objective through the scientific gaze (Foucault, 1988). This, therefore, not only ensures that Native Americans be prevented access to things like jobs (for employment screening), but may also be at a higher chance to be criminalized due to their cultural beliefs since the MMPI-2 plays a role in forensic psychology (Butcher & Williams, 2009). Not only that, but, as Oliver (2004) points out, “It is not so much that the

As persons travel through the state of Kansas, one would gather the sense that the state has a history that began with the settlement of European-Americans during the 19th Century as there is little roadside advertising stating the contrary. Kansas, for centuries, was a land where many Native American tribes that lived, fought, and died. Subsequently, the city of Wichita is a good example of this. It is known as a large city of Kansas and not known as the name of a Native American tribe. The fact of the matter is that the Wichita tribe aided in the establishment of a trading post that led to the development of the current metropolitan city. One would be total unaware that the state of Kansas played a major role in the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990). Unless one drives by one of the tribal casinos, one would not be aware that Kansas proudly has four Native American reservations. In reality, for centuries the state of Kansas has held a rich history and future as a Native land.

Another common method for identifying dead bodies is dental comparison. This method is especially valuable for decedents who are not visually identifiable and are not able to be identified by fingerprint comparison. Like fingerprint comparison, dental identification requires a pre-existing dental records (ante-mortem record) [44]. If these records are accessible for comparison, a positive identity can be set up, as distinctive configurations of the bony structures of the jaw, roots of the teeth and adjacent sinuses frequently exist and are unique for every individual [45].

While it is argued that the influence of bone/body size is removed from MWI and CTI and can be demonstrated algebraically, statistically and graphically, analogous CI values in this analysis did not differ noticeably or influence statistical outcomes. We do suggest however, that the relationship between size variables and measurement variables are explored prior to the application of ratios. Bone quantity and quality of the human skeleton is the cumulative product of health, diet and nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle over the life course. Further, while nutrition plays a key role in skeletal growth and maintenance during all developmental stages, diet and nutrition are intricately woven with other biological, social, and cultural influences on the skeleton. Bone tissue is a dynamic medium that is capable of recording many life history events, allowing us to reconstruct some of the key influences on bone loss and fragility in past populations. While our work, on cortical bone loss at Çatalhöyük remains preliminary, and will benefit with the addition of biomechanical analyses in other long bones of the skeleton, the patterns revealed in this study do provide some insight on bone health across different life stages, particularly in those individuals from the later Neolithic phases of mound occupation. Adult cortical bone loss measured in the metacarpals shows some of the expected age-related patterns but

It is assumed that everyone’s dentitions are unique to everyone. Forensic Odontology consists of applying dental knowledge to criminal and civil law cases, in identifying a potential suspect whose dentitions were left on a victim, deceased or alive through a bite mark. Human identification in forensic odontology consists of identifying a deceased victim through dental records and DNA from teeth that were possibly found at a possible crime scene. The teeth are then compared to dental data for a possible match of who’s identity the teeth may belong to (Franco, 2015). Many times, the use of Forensic Odontology identification is useful for identification purposes of those victims who suffered death due to a natural disaster. Human bite marks can be found on the skin of a living or deceased victim, adult or child, victim or

The pattern, size and form of the human bite can be forensically extremely important, particularly if the pattern of the dentition is sufficiently distinctive, such as a missing tooth or a wide gap between teeth (Bruce-Chwatt, 2010). Even though bite marks are only a small portion of most case load of forensic dentists but they represent the most challenging aspect of the

The relevance of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) to malocclusion become a hot issue in recent years. TMDs is a collective complex term for a group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions which includes several clinical signs and symptoms involving the muscles of mastications, temporomandibular joint, and associated structures (Manfredini et al., 2010; Ferreira et al., 2013). The displacement of mandible can influence the modeling process of the TMJ, leading to asymmetry. Eventhough a small amount of asymmetry in the maxillofacial region is common, there is a critical threshold distance that is considered as asymmetric (Masuoka et al., 2007; Chu et al., 2011; Almasan et al., 2103; Kang., 2015). At the same time many authors have shown

After so many years of searching and excavating, my partners and I have discovered our first hominin fossil. After all the digging, cleaning, and cataloging of hominin discoveries is complete, we begin to start analyzing mysterious specimen #6. It looked a lot like a modern human but the skull features is slightly different and the molars is quite large. From what we have noticed at first sight, the incisors, canines and the premolars of the specimen are missing. Without analyzing and measuring the teeth’s, it would make our job a bit difficult, but there is always alternative route to analyze this mysterious specimen.

Similar to the two-dimensional approach, a forensic artist and anthropologist are essential in three-dimensional facial reconstruction (Gupta et al., 2015). Initiating the three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, clay or plastic have been typically used to make replication of skulls (Decker, S., Davy-Jow, S., Faraut, P., Ford, J., Hilbelink, D. & Neville, W., 2013). This clay or plastic replication method still utilizes soft facial tissue depth markers in order to determine landmarks of the face (Nelson, L.A. & Michael, S.D., 1998). In order to create a replication of the face, pieces of clay or plastic is then placed in-between the landmarks that are identified until the face is filled, or close to being filled (Nelson, L.A. & Michael, S.D., 1998). The process of clay or plastic replication producing a three-dimensional approximation of what the individual looks like is outlined in Appendix B.

Throughout evolutionary history, there have been successful amounts of migration, cultural integration, and diversity that has altered the markers in the human DNA and osteological variation. Although modern humans all share a similar biological and skeletal makeup, there are several methods that can determine a person’s race, both contemporary and historically. Some of these specific approaches are applied to case studies that focus on migration, genetic drift, and gene flow; these factors can influence the diversity of a population, especially if they have been isolated, affected by diseases, war, intense waves of migration and settlement. Both authors, Hallgrimsson and Leach are able to identify racial markers in the morphology of skeletal

Ethnic differences in macular thickness and volume have been described. Central and inner macular thickness and volume were shown to be significantly thinner in blacks and Asians than in whites24-27,29-32.Wagner-Schuman observed similar differences between the races in macular thicknesses, with the African/African American group having a significantly reduced central foveal thickness compared with the Caucasian group; however, no significant racial differences in retinal thickness were observed in any of the other ETDRS regions .33 .In our study like Faghihi et al 19 central foveal thickness ,mean macular thickness and macular volume were shown to be significantly thicker than blacks ,Asians and whites. The mean thickness in the central 1mm diameter area was found to be 212 ± 20 μm in Caucasians. 8

Homo erectus, the “upright man”, was one of the first human ancestors to posses human like body proportions. This hominid had long legs and shorter arms, suggesting that this hominid was our first ancestor with the ability to run like Homo sapiens can today (Smithsonian). While it is clear that Homo erectus is one of the earliest human ancestors to posses similar human features, it is unclear and a controversial topic to classify this early hominid. One reason for this is that “…the cranium (skull minus lower jaw)—e.g., large teeth, sagittal keels (narrow areas of thickened bone extending from just behind the brows to the back of the skull) and massiveness of the neurocranium (the part of the skull that covers and protects the brain) and face—are found only in Asian H. erectus fossils” (Dorey). Some scientists assert skeletons found in Asia look very