The Nature Of Rehabilitation For Bilingual Aphasia

Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects many adults and families. Aphasia occurs as a result of damage to the language-specific areas of the brain (ASHA, 2014). Individuals with aphasia may experience difficulties with oral language, receptive language, memory, attention writing, and reading. There are a myriad of approaches designed for the treatment of aphasia. Two treatment approaches, Promoting Aphasics Communicative Effectiveness (P.A.C.E.) and Constraint Induced Language Therapy (C.I.L.T.), and their efficacy in regard to available evidence will be discussed below.

Bilingualism is skill that is gained through life circumstances that does not require some innate skill (Bialystok, 2011). Some of these circumstances could include one’s family, immigration history, or birthplace. The ability to speak and understand more than one language is common among over half the world’s population (Bialystok et al., 2012). In the 1960s, many researchers warned against teaching children more than one language as it many cause confusion and it appeared to have negative effects on a child’s cognitive development (Bialystok, 1988). As research regarding bilingualism has progressed, the effects of bilingualism have been shown to be advantageous compared to monolingual counterparts. Recent studies have even found that bilingualism provides benefits all stages of life (Bialystok, 2011).

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The study consisted of 105 participants in which 59 were women and 46 men. Participants were students in

SPLP 634 - Aphasia. Aphasia is a major course in the curriculum with emphasis on acquired communication disorders, including the etiologies, characteristics, anatomical/physiological, acoustic, psychological, developmental, and linguistic and cultural correlates. Aphasia is a graduate-level seminar-based course directed toward the study of acquired neurogenic language and cognitive disorders due to lesions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Four major neurogenic disorders are addressed including: the aphasias, right hemisphere syndrome, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and dementia. An introduction to the language found in neurogenic psychopathology are also discussed. Etiological factors that affect varied cultural groups (e.g.,

Bilingualism is a person’s ability to speak two or more languages fluently. Initially it was believed that bilingualism had negative effects on an individual’s intelligence and speech and it was thought that the knowledge of multiple languages would complicate one’s thought processing rather than improve its functioning. This theory

Finally, bilingualism offers a means of averting the natural decline of cognitive function and enhancing brain function during aging. This is due to keeping the cognitive mechanisms sharp and replacing damaged brain networks during aging. Researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients with Alzheimer. The brains of “bilingual people showed a significantly higher degree of physical atrophy in regions commonly associated with Alzheimer’s disease” (Marian and Shook, 2012, p. 1). This suggests that the use of two languages protects bilinguals from the symptoms of the disease. Bilingualism itself does not directly affect Alzheimer’s disease, but the use of two languages provides a level of cognitive reserve, which enables

Language abilities may return after a few hours or a few days after a stroke (NIDCD, 2010). Some people believe that speech language therapy is not necessary or effective because of this spontaneous recovery period. Although spontaneous recovery can occur in patients, there may be skills in both expressive and receptive language that do not fully recover. This is where aphasia therapy can become a critical part of a patient’s speech and language recovery. Results from a retrospective analysis of 513 stroke patients showed that spontaneous recovery occurred in 54% of patients with an average recovery time of six months (Remesso, Chiappetta, Aguiar, Fukujima, & do Prado, 2009). In this study, 15 of the patients received speech treatment and all those patients had spontaneous recovery in almost half the time of untreated patients, suggesting that speech therapy can maximize recovery by “promoting reorganization of cortical structures” (Remesso et al., 2009). These findings support the importance and advantages of providing speech therapy to patients who acquire aphasia. Research further supports the idea that therapy can be more beneficial when started early and with intense training (Remesso et al.,

The intention of this paper is to provide several pertinent issues regarding bilingualism, and also attempt to clarify some aspects of bilingualism, relating to cognitive aspects. Individuals identified by the term bilingualism in different way, and on the other hand, with better skills in one language. Actually it is more common for bilingual individuals, even individuals who have been bilingual since birth; to be somewhat dominant within each language. Simultaneous bilingualism describes a person who is learning in two languages as the first languages (Sebastián, el al., 2005). An individual who is a simultaneous bilingual goes from communicating no languages at all straight to speaking two languages (Sebastián, el al., 2005). Sequential bilingualism identifies to a person who is learning one language after already having well-known a first language (Schwartz, Kozminsky, & Leikin, 2009). The large majority of investigational work with language development, mainly in the area of early lexical acquisition has aimed on monolingual infants (Bialystok, 2001). However, because of immigration, official language polices, cultural personal preferences and norms. Research revealed empirical data screening positive influence of bilingualism on children’s cognitive ability (Fennell, Byers-Heinlein, & Werker, 2007). Researcher discovered

Some of the research findings that has been found with bilingualism is retrieving information can be difficult as times. When we learn more than one language it can cause us to have tip-of-the tongue moments. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is defined, as failing to retrieve a word from the

A growing body of research supports the idea that speaking multiple languages results in several benefits. Bilingualism has been shown to enhance mental flexibility, generally understood as “the

Lexical representations are classified for language membership after receiving syntactic properties (lemmas). This enables the bilingual person to produce language in a selective manner. Furthermore, bilinguals use task schemas and a Supervisory Attentional System to create, retrieve and, if necessary to adapt these task schemas. Because bilinguals cannot completely turn off one language the letter version of the verbal fluency task used in the present study activates twice as many lexical representations in bilinguals than in monolinguals. This will lead to a greater degree of competition for activation across languages hence the effect of subject type (Van Assche et al., 2013). In the present research bilinguals’ and monolinguals’ verbal fluency is tested using a classic letter fluency task. According to the literature bilinguals have a disadvantage in Vocabulary acquisition that we expect to see manifest in their Verbal Fluency Task scores.

Imagine one day, you are taking the train to school or work and you observe a female toddler speaking to her parent in a native tongue, and then to her sibling in English. You become perplexed by her ability to rapidly switch between languages, and begin to think of how this is possible. Language makes up an extraordinary part of human abilities and contributes greatly to the usage of different parts of our brain. Being a resident of New York City, most of us know at least five individuals who are either bilingual or multilingual. This ability to switch between languages and reconfigure the brain has always been fascinating, being that I am monolingual, and I have always been intrigued by this development. We know most of our friends and families are bilingual because someone in their immediate family speaks the native language fluently. According to Buchweitz et al, bilingualism is a “multi-dimensional human phenomenon” that can be studied by how often someone uses the language and their capacity to develop this skill (Buchweitz & Prat, 2013). The main issues that this paper will be focusing on are as follows: the effects of bilingualism on the functioning and structure of the brain in correlation to the different aspects of processing language in a neural network, and how age of acquisition can affect the proficiency of language. The structure of the brain helps us understand the “architecture of language networks”, while the function shows us how these networks are

     Each participant was also categorized as male (n = 1) or female (n = 2). This study had 35 males and 57 females. Of the

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a leading cause of death among older American adults, and the population of adults ages 65 or older with AD is projected to increase to over 13 million by 2050 (Alzheimer's Disease, 2017). The prevalence of AD constitutes a major public