The Negative Effects Of Cervical Cancer

Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life-threating disease. However, over recent years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre-cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market, which provides close to a 100% protection against pre-cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related. However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection procedures,

Sufu has the ability to bind to GLI1, GLI2 and GLI3 proteins. It is theorized that GLI proteins are binded to Sufu in a head to tail orientation. GL1 is solely found in the nucleus, whereas Sufu can be found expressed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. However when they are both expressed together, Sufu brings the GLI1 into the cytoplasm which forces the nucleus to limit its transcription activity. The cytoplasm anchoring model suggests that GLI1 is anchored to the cytoplasm with the help of Sufu. Likewise, Sufu plays a similar role in Drosophilia by halting nuclear processes. Thus, it is found that Sufu travels back and forth between the cytoplasm and nucleus in both Drosophilia and mammals. A second model of Sufu function in mammals suggests the Sufu gene holds the ability of repressing transcription of GLIs. A study found that Sufu restricts GLI transcription by enlisting the help of the mSin3A HDAC corepressor complex. Sufu was also found to increase the ability of GLI1 to bind to DNA. Therefore, simply repressing the Sufu gene is enough to activate GLI transcription, alluding to its key role in the negative regulation of the SHH signaling

Did you know there is more of a link between cervical cancer and HPV than smoking and lung cancer? Cervical cancer is currently the fourth most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of death from cancer in women. Along with those statistics, human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease amongst men and women worldwide. The prevalence of women having a strain of HPV that ultimately leads to or increases the chance of cervical cancer is highly relatable. What is pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, prevention, and treatments of this ailment? You might ask will be covered in the next few pages of this paper.

The function of YY1 in transcription is context-specific and requires interactions with many cellular factors. As a result, YY1 develops intracellular networks that allow it to induce multiple functions in transcriptional initiation, activation and repression, ultimately leading to the regulation of normal cell growth and survival. As a DNA binding protein, YY1 functions in the replication and regulation of the histone alpha complex, vital for proliferating cells[29].Overexpression of YY1 in tumor tissues exerts different clinical behavior in different tumor types. YY1 The loss of YY1 results in a significant increase in p53 levels. YY1, MDM-2 and p53 can form a ternary complex and YY1 is essential for optimal MDM2-p53 physical interactions in vivo, which is a prerequisite for MDM2 to be able to ubiquinate p53. Ubiquitination induces the translocation of p53 to the proteasome which leads to its

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a double -stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that only infects humans with an attraction to both cutaneous and mucosal surfaces such as the cervix, anus, tonsil, and oropharynx (Clark, 2013). HPV is a type of oncogenic virus that goes into the cells and can cause several diseases. Over the years, research has surfaced connecting genital HPV to several types of cancer. There are over a hundred strains of HPV but the most high risk strains, 16 and 18, have been shown to cause vulvar, vaginal, anal, and the most concerning, cervical cancer (Chan, Ng, & Wong, 2012). Genital HPV

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent virus in the human population. Almost all people will be exposed to HPV infections in their lifetime. HPV-associated cancers comprise 5% of all human cancers. Two prophylactic vaccines that are designed to block the four most prevalent HPV types (>150 types) in the genital infection have reduced the incidence in the vaccinated population. However, the vaccines offer no therapeutic effect against pre-existing infections. Furthermore, the vaccination completion rate was 26 % overall. The large unvaccinated population will continue to be at the risk of developing HPV-associated diseases and cancers until an effective treatment is available.

Cervical disease is the fourth Largest basic cancer in women around the world, and second for ladies ages 15 to 44(Bailey et al., 2016). About 740 deaths for every day happen because of cervical cancer (Small et al., 2017), making it the second most regular reason for cancer demise in women (Chabra, 2016). This fact is anticipated to just ascent, with an expected 443,000 yearly deaths by 2030—a 67% growth and twice the normal maternal mortality from pregnancy inconveniences (Cervical Cancer Action, 2011).

Human cervical cancer is one of the most popular cancers in women of reproductive age around the globe (Baken et al., 1995). The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer. The main factors responsible for the cervical cancers are viral infection, inordinate sexual behavior, multiple sexual partners, weak immune system, and smoking

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a lethal liver cancer, has a very poor prognosis and is in dire need of novel targets to develop more effective treatments. The conventional treatment options of surgery and chemotherapy were limited to pre-metastatic HCC; however, a multi-kinase inhibitor, in addition to targeting other factors involved in development and progression of the disease showed promising results in advanced HCC [42]. LncRNAs such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, and H10 are dysregulated and have been suggested to play an essential role in HCC development whereas dysregulation affects proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. This is also true for gastric cancer, whereby dysregulation of lncRNAs- HOTAIR, HULC, and H19 are relatively linked to development, metastasis, and prognosis [43]. HCC is also characterized by aberrant expression of miRNAs. Respectively, upregulation and downregulation has been associated with invasion and metastasis, tumor progression, and drug resistance. Meng et al. proposed that aberrantly expressed miRNAs may regulate the expression of certain genes that control cell growth, migration, and invasion. In this study, the expression of miRNA in normal versus tumor tissue was investigated which led to the identification of overexpressed miR-21 in human HCC that could potentially serve as a target for regulating downstream events [44].

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2015). Scientists predict that nearly all sexually active men and women will be infected with HPV at one point during their lifetime (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2010, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2015; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2007, Riguad, 2015). Although HPV is common, it usually resolves on its own within a year or two of infection. It does not pose a risk until it has remained in the body for many years, in which it can lead to pre-cancerous cells and genital warts (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2013; Human Papillomavirus (HPV), 2015; National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2012). HPV can be categorized into two groups, high risk HPV and low risk HPV. High risk HPV is responsible for the development of cancers, such as cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile, whereas low risk HPV is associated with the development of genital warts (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2007). Currently, there are nearly 26,000 new HPV-related cancers in the United States and roughly 18,000 occur in women, and 8,000 occur in men (President’s Report).

Cervical cancer is the only malignant tumor that can almost completely be prevented by safe, fairly simple and affordable means, and yet, one woman dies of this disease unnecessarily every two minutes in the world. Cervical cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system in the developing world and the leading cause of cancer- related deaths in sub- Saharan Africa. Cervical cancer is the most frequent cancer diagnosed in Tanzania and its mortality rate is unacceptably

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are most commonly implicated in cancer of the cervix, other subtypes are 31, 33, 35 45,51,52,58 and 59 (Franceschi et al.2003). The association between HPV and cervical cancer is unique; no other major human cancer has a single necessary cause (Franceschi et al.2003). The relative risk of cervical cancer after infection with HPV, as indicated by the results of case control studies, is the strongest causal relation in cancer epidemiology identified to date (Bosch et al. 2002). The establishment of the link between HPV and cervical cancer has provided the impetus for research into prophylactic vaccination against the most common HPV types associated with the disease: HPV 16 and HPV 18. One of such studies was on sustained efficacy up to four and half years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and18: follow-up from a randomized control trial by Harper et al (2006). The following section provides the research aims/goals, the specific questions that were asked, the method used to address the questions, findings from the study, implications of the findings to healthcare practice and delivery and finally concluding remarks will be presented.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections cause cervical cancers, and some cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx. Two prophylactic HPV vaccines (Gardasil® and Cervarix®) can block new infections from a subset of the most prevalent HPV types, but have shown no therapeutic effect against pre-existing diseases. No effective therapeutics exists at present, and the mechanisms of HPV-associated disease progression and cancer are not well understood.

Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the cervix or cervix uteri. Cervical cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide with over 527,000 new cases 1,2 and perhaps the second most common cancer among women in the third world countries 3-5 It accounts for 9% of the total new cancer cases and 8% (more than 265,000) of the total cancer deaths among females.1,2 More than 80% of these cases and deaths occur in developing countries.1-4

Most cervical cancer cases start out as HPV (Human papilloma virus), which is a common virus spread through sexual intercourse. There are many types of HPV; however, not all types lead to cervical cancer. Increased risks for cervical cancer can be determined by a woman’s sexual habits. Having sex at a young age, multiple sex partners, or having multiple partners who participate in high risk sexual activities are all examples of risky sexual habits. Other risk factors include poor economic statue, not getting the HPV vaccine, weakened immune system, and being born to a mother who took the DES drug (diethylstilbestrol, which prevented miscarriages), while pregnant.