The New Class Of Anti Diabetic Drugs

This article discusses the use of dulaglutide and sitagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes. Dulaglutide is a recombinant GLP-1 Fc fusion protein, which acts by linking GLP-1 analog peptide and a variant of lgG4 Fc fragments in humans. As such, the analog of GLP-1 has posed effects and has shown elevated efficacies in the management of type 2 diabetes. The primary efficacy in the baseline of HbA was altered during the end of 52nd week. The objective of secondary efficacy included a change in HbA during the end of the 26th and 104th week. The percentage of patients achieved HbA targets ranged between 7.5% to 6.5% in a central laboratory and the body changed significantly. However, current treatment majorly focuses on increasing

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic, complex disease that has become a worldwide health crisis. According to the World Health Organization over 422 million people in the world had this disease in 2014 (1), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in the United States alone 29 million people had diabetes in 2014 (2). While the genetic predisposition contributing to the diabetes phenotype is not fully understood to date it still remains an area of active research. There are also various environmental factors that contribute stress to the glucose homeostasis system that provide a different approach in understanding this disease. Comprehending the pathogenesis of the disease has been an area of constant research for decades. There is hope that pharmaceutical developments can follow along and find medical treatments that can target the key pathogenic elements of this disease.

Diabetes mellitus is an ever common and increasing in prevalence, disease process afflicting many. Proper treatment, management and ultimately control of diabetes, is a complex and difficult task. Many factors contribute to the complexity of diabetes treatment. These factors play a role in the large occurrence of non-compliance in diabetic treatment therapies. Identifying, understanding and finally, addressing these issues will help alleviate these obstacles in diabetes management.

This project seeks to provide a brief overview of what a new drug has to go through before it hits the streetsstarting with the manufacture, preclinical or clinical trials, documentation, registration, review, approval, marketing, &distribution; focusing on tests they have to hurdle. Another aim would be to identifya drug that binds itself to the SGLT2 & inhibits its function. The researcher has found that Dapagliflozin of the Gliflozin class of antidiabetic medications is anSGLT2 inhibitor. This paper will define keywords, explain the action, enumerate preclinical &clinical trials that have to be undergone before the FDA deems it safe for human consumption; with the ultimate goal of getting the product approved, marketed, &distributed in the US& elsewhere. There are no participants [animal or human] in this report. This

Diabetes is a very common chronic medial disorder and expected to be a big medical challenge of the twenty first century (Clark, 2004). It is a condition, in which the glucose level in the blood becomes so high that the body is unable to utilize it properly. This long-term condition results when the pancreas of the victim is either not able to produce enough insulin (sometimes even cannot produce any insulin) or the insulin produced cannot work properly. Diabetes is divided into two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1, also known as insulin dependent diabetes milletus (Masharani, 2008) cannot be prevent while Type 2 can be prevented but if the patient is at pre-diabetes stage.

We are focusing our clinical trial trail phase III study trials in USA, Japan and Germany as we have checked feasibility for those countries for Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients who have been prescribed Kombiglyze XR by their physician for the treatment regime and how it is responsible to induce the heart related diseases. We will conduct Phase 3 clinical trial with time limit of 2 years.

Type 2 diabetes is considered as the most common form of diabetes affecting many individuals. This is a condition that is associated with a high buildup of sugar content in the blood stream. It is accompanied by symptoms such as constant hunger, fatigue, lack of energy and frequent urination. At milder levels, the symptoms become severe and lead to the death of an individual. In the United States, it has been rated as one of the leading causes of death. Importantly, it also increases the rate of the cardiovascular disease once an individual has been reported to have such symptoms. The cardiovascular diseases lead to a greater rate of complications in patients with type two diabetes and hence loss of life. Due to this reason, researchers have focused more on the development of appropriate drugs to enhance treatment of the condition. Importantly, the fact that it is a big challenge to the medical sector critical evaluation of all possible types of treatment is vital. Therefore, the article on “semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes” offers beneficial knowledge to the healthcare sector.

Incretins reduces gastric emptying and also inhibit glucagon release from the alpha-cells and improves the glycemic control alongside decreases the body weight and systolic blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients [26]. Risk of hypoglycemia is low due glucose-dependent mechanism of action. Thus, incretin mimetics have become an important part for treating T2DM. Incretin based drugs include DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (Exenatide and Liraglutide).

Rattue, P. (Feburary 2012). TAK-875 New Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes. The Lancet Via Medical News Today. Retrieved from: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/ articles/242256.php

Diabetes is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated glucose due to insulin resistance or deficiency. About 29.1 million people in America are reported to have diabetes with the highest prevalence occurring in men; about 25.9% of adults 65 years and older have diabetes.1 Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes, often due to insulin resistance. Metformin is the treatment of choice in patients with T2DM, a second agent such as a sulfonylurea is added to metformin in patients who are not at goal or unable to tolerate metformin therapy. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines, the choice of a second agent should be based on a patient-centered approach to include efficacy, safety, the effect on

Thiazolidinediones or glitazone are a class of oral antidiabetic agents. Thiazolidinediones are a synthetic ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g (PPARg). Troglitazone was the first thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent that approved for the clinical use by the US in 1997. Troglitazone decreased hepatic glucose production, lowers blood glucose levels through increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, and increased insulin sensitivity of the target tissue in animal models of metabolic impairment. These pharmacological effects are exerted through the PPARg-dependent transcription of genes which involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and also in energy homeostasis. Troglitazone represents a model of an idiosyncratic

Oxidative stress is widely accepted to be associated with dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells as well as insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (Henriksen et al., 2011). Experimental evidences suggest the involvement of free radicals in the onset of diabetes and more importantly in the development of diabetic complications (Lipinsky, 2001). Studies have revealed decreases in expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in diabetic models (Lenzen et al., 1996). Also a decrease in the activities of the antioxidant/ antioxidant enzyme systems in diabetics are linked to the progressive glycation of the enzyme proteins (Hartnet et al., 2000). The interrelationship between the antioxidative potentials and antidiabetic activities of bioactive compounds is still unclear. In the present study, the extent of free radical damage orchestrated by STZ administration was significantly reduced by the antioxidant composition and combination treatment in a dose-dependent manner; thereby reducing the extent of pancreatic β-cell damages among the rats co-treated with combination therapy and STZ, relative to normal and STZ-only rats. The HFD/STZ-induced diabetic control rats had significantly lower (p< 0.05) of total SOD, CAT, GST and GPx activities among the extracts, cell gevity, antioxidant composition and combination therapy co-treated rats (Figure 4.2.34, Figure 4.2.35, Figure 4.2.36, Figure 4.2.37). HFD/STZ decreased the

Lo C, Toyama T, Hirakawa Y, Jun M, Cass A, Hawley C, Pilemore H, Badev SV, Percovic V, Zoungas S. Insuline & Glucose lowering agents for treating people with diabetics and chronic Kidney disease. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews 2015, Issue 8. Art. No. CD011798. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011798.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.