Time to time there has been development in new drugs for glaucoma. With these new drugs comes new benefits and risks. Glaucoma being the second leading cause of blindness in the world (after cataract) (1) is expected to affect around 11 million people worldwide by 2020 (1). Most of the affected population are greater than 50 years of age, who are also expected to have other health issues. For a clinician, it becomes extremely important to understand the potential side effects of the medications before prescribing it to the patients. These adverse drug reactions can occur from the drug itself, the preservatives or the vehicle of the drug, and can be ocular or systemic. Unabsorbed topical ocular medication for glaucoma may drain out of the eye through naso-lacrimal duct and can be absorbed by conjunctiva, nasal mucosa, oropharynx, and GI mucosa (occasionally) to rise to sufficient levels in the blood to cause systemic side effect or interact with other drugs. It has been estimated that roughly 80% of an eye drop can pass through the nasal nasolacrimal duct and get absorbed into the nasal mucosa and its microvasculature. Considering that these eye drops are often used in either eyes twice or thrice a day, the systemic implications can be extremely dangerous. (8)(14)
Ocular therapeutics for Glaucoma:
These include beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, prostaglandin analogues, miotics and combination medications. Most of these
| 1. corticosteroid 2. bronchodilator 3. ACE inhibitor4. cholesterol 5. benzodiazepine 6. potassium sparing diuretic
CURRENT MEDICATIONS: Lovastatin 20 mg po per day, Enalapril 20 mg po bid, Nitroglycerin 0.4 mg sub q prn for chest pain.
CURRENT MEDICATIONS: Lovastatin 20 mg po per day, Enalapril 20 mg po bid, Nitroglycerin 0.4 mg sub q prn for chest pain.
Patients who have congestive heart failure and do not respond to diuretics may benefit from a combination of several types of diuretic medication, each with a different system of action. Another medication for someone that has congestive heart failure can take Beta-blockers. Side effects include fatigue, cold hands, headache, upset stomach, constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Data reported from 17 studies, researchers came to the conclusion that the risk of death from all causes was 31 percent lower in patients with heart failure who were treated with beta-blockers than in those not receiving such medications. Aldosterone blockers is a form of medication one may take to help slow down the rate of congestive heart failure.This medication can sometimes affect kidney function and can also increase potassium levels. Aldosterone blockers are prescribed to individuals who develop heart failure after a heart attack. Studies show that these medications can reduce the risk of hospitalization and death from cardiovascular disease. The last form of medication is BiDil (isosorbide
Citalopram HBR 20mg (1x daily), Clonazipam 2mg (1x daily), albuterol (as needed), Ventolin (as needed), ondonsetronorally disintegrating tablet 8mg (as needed), ibuprofen 800mg ( as needed), Benadryl 25mg ( as needed) fluticasone propronate 50mg 1 daily.
Examples of TCAs include amitriptyline (Tryptizol), clomipramine (Anafranil), imipramine (Tofranil), lofepramine (Gamanil) and nortriptyline (Allegron).
MEDICATIONS: Any use of diuretics, pain medications, antiarrhythmic agents, anti-seizure drugs, sedatives, antibiotics, antihistamines, barbiturates, cephalosporins, salicylates, and sulfonamides?(Ross & Basello, 2003)
Nonsurgical treatment usually involves medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), nitrates, digitalis, potassium, aspirin, calcium channel blockers, blood thinners, and beta blockers. Some surgical treatments include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), intra-aortic balloon pump, ventricular assist devices (VADs), an implantable artificial heart, angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery, heart-valve surgery, heart transplantation, and myocardial replacement therapy. Some alternative medicines include antioxidants, homocysteine metabolism, magnesium, taurine, carnitine, essential fatty acids, diet, herbs, acupuncture, massage, biofeedback, and
These non-opioid drugs have therapeutic effect and they also have side effects as well. These
Alpha-blockers or alpha-adrenergic antagonist drugs help to decrease blood pressure and dilate blood vessels, allowing for blood to move more freely.Alpha-blockers accomplish this by either limiting or inhibiting the affects of norepinephrine, a stimulant hormone of the sympathetic nervous system. The term norepinephrine or noradrenaline works to constrict the muscles that line the interior of small veins and arteries in the body (Mayo Clinic, 2014). There are two types of alpha-receptors that are affected by norepinephrine, alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors.Alpha-1 receptors are found throughout the body in: male reproductive organs, eyes, bladder, prostatic capsule, and more importantly blood vessels.Alpha-2 receptors exist in presynaptic nerve terminals. By blocking noradrenaline affects on alpha-1 receptors coronary arteries and veins will remain open, allowing for increased blood flow and in turn lowering blood pressure (Aschenbrenner & Venable, 2012).
Medicines. These include muscle relaxants, sedatives, and medicines called anticholinergics. Treatment with medicine is less successful than injections.
Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors; Albuterol is a beta-adrenergic agonist called also sympathomimetic. It mimics the effect of sympathetic nervous systems.
Current medications include metformin, simvastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, trazodone, losartan, citalopram, metoprolol, aspirin, isosorbide dinitrate 30 mg, nitrostat, Vitamin,
Recommendation Statement “glaucoma affects approximately 2.5 million Americans and is a leading cause of impaired vision (loss of peripheral vision) and blindness” (Moyer). Glaucoma is a disease the damages the optic nerve in the eye. There are several different types of glaucoma including: Open-angle, normal-tension, closed-angle, and congenital glaucoma. Open-angle is the most common. Even though there is no treatment yet for glaucoma, a person can manage it. To help a person mange this disease there are two basic treatments that can be used: medicated eye drops or surgery.
The medications listed in the video were oxygen, morphine, aspirin, nitrates, beta blockers, ace inhibitors, statins, thrombolytics, and anticoagulants.