The Norm Of Reciprocity Is Explored By Female And Male Researchers

In the article, Cunningham brings up many compelling points that help drive her argument on the reasons as to why women smile. One of the main points she touches on is the biological aspect of it. She relates it to monkeys and how they use a smile in their environment to show that they are not going to cause harm to anyone around them and that they are passive. This helps

Cunningham believes that a smile does not only contains a positive emotion. She was being informative when she states that people from different cultures also smiles when they are frighten, miserable, or embarrassed. Emphasizing her point further, she provided an example from Japan. Correspondingly, Cunningham used research and facts as she addressed “Psychologist Paul Ekman, the head of the University of California’s Human Interaction Lab in San Francisco, has identified 18 distinct types of smiles, including those that shows misery, compliance, fear and contempt.” (263). Aside from using logos to enhance her argument, Cunningham also uses ethos in considered to make the audience feels more certain when reading her article. Notwithstanding, her point of view, she after then states a sentence that is considered to be a fallacy. Introduction to her next paragraph, she wrote “Evidently, a woman’s happy, willing deference, is something the world wants visibly.”, and example of hasty generalization. Though it was said evidently, there was no follow up reasons to support that the worlds wants it clearly. A woman’s happiness is something that not everyone to embrace. Therefore, it is yet another stereotyped that the authors support but did not established through

The most dangerous aspect of the single story our society tells about women is that women are expected to smile no matter where they line up on the social, cultural, or economic ladder because it leads to what women think is the pleasure and satisfaction of other people rather than their own.

Accordingly, there are two assumptions that certain scientists claim who are conducting research on sex and gender, namely a so-called ‘sex difference’ regarding (1) that all females and males behave and act differently according to their sex (2) psychological patterns are based on their biology and, therefore, genes (Caplan & Caplan, 2007). Both assumptions are built upon binaries and are rather alarming and very dangerous. Moreover, further issues with these assumptions are that (1) they argue through a calculated average referring to performances of participants which leaves out individual performances (2) it is rather unfounded hence genes can be changed and differ between individuals. Accordingly, both assumptions are based on biological

Everywhere you go you see a smile; whether it is on a billboard or person they surround us. But how many of those are genuine smiles? In the essay Why Women Smile by Amy Cunningham it is stated that women are expected to smile at all times and often these smiles are artificial. What is in a smile? Could there be something in a smile’s physiology to help us better understand a person’s motives to smile? Possibly even health benefits. There is more behind a smile than a forced expression, smiles benefit us in several ways and they are real.

First impressions last a lifetime. When making a first impression an attractive smile conveys openness and confidence and inspires trust. When looking at a commercial and seeing someone with a bright beautiful smile, one is more likely to purchase the product he or she is selling or be more interested in what is being said. One's teeth are the center of the face and for the most part are the first thing that people see when they look at a person. In fact, “behavioral researchers have found that a smiling face is more likely to encourage cooperation from strangers during initial encounters” (Doyle 20). A smile can make or break a meeting, interview, or a first impression. Because of this, more people have started to see the positive effects

Two studies from 2002 and 2011 at Uppsala University in Sweden confirmed that other people’s smiles actually suppress the control we usually have over our facial muscles, compelling us to smile. They also showed that it’s very difficult to frown when looking at someone who smiles. These findings would not have surprised Charles Darwin, who in addition to theorizing on evolution in The Origin of the Species, also developed the Facial Feedback Response Theory, which suggests that the act of smiling actually makes us feel better (rather than smiling being merely a result of feeling

The Roles of Early vs. Late Processing” (2015), Delin Sun, Chetwyn C. H. Chan, Jintu Fan, Yi Wu and Tatia M. C. Lee claim that facial attractiveness is not based purely on the structure of one’s face but also based upon the expressions that are made. This research was further studied by using a study of 10 male and 10 female university students from Hong Kong Polytechnic University and were presented with a stimuli of real human faces with varying facial expressions and facial structures. This study was conducted for the sake of their scholarly peers because it was an original research for frontiers in

When examining the collective results from the studies, out of a total of 75 patients, only 6 were male, constituting 8% of the total population. In a study assessing the differences in esthetic perception of females and males, participants scored images presented to them as less and less attractive as the amount of upper gingival display increased during smile and speech. Female smile images were given lower scores by both male and female assessors 17, suggesting that greater oral and dental attractiveness is expected from women than from men. These results, combined with the fact that, in most of the included studies, it was the patient who sought treatment further highlights the suggestion that females tend to be more esthetically conscious compared to males. The data collected were insufficient to show any

Paul Ekman, who is the world’s leading expert on facial expressions, learned that smiles are “cross-cultural” and have the identical meaning in diverse cultures. A smile is also one of the most basic, physically identical expressions of all mankind. Ekman discovered in studies he led in Papua New Guinea that members of the Fore tribe (who are entirely detached from Western culture and are also known for their extraordinary cannibalism beliefs) recognized smiles to images of situations in the same way we would. Smiling is not just a worldwide method of communicating; it’s also a frequent one. According to studies; more than 30% of Americans smile more than twenty times a day and less than 14% of Americans smile less than five times a day. Those

Women are better than men at identifying smiles, says, researchers. It has been proven that men smile less than women. One possible reason for that is that embarrassing moments cause women to smile more. Another possible reason is that society says it's more socially acceptable for women to smile than it is for men.

Have you ever been at your favourite mall, grocery store or gym, when you happened to connect your gaze to those of a stranger's? Did you have the urge to look away immediately, or did you linger as you anxiously passed by? Do you ever wonder why you feel so uncomfortable? Today we are here to analyze society and society’s anxiety over eye contact. Do males or females hold eye contact longer and why?

This study explores whether there are differences between genders when it comes to this perception because of varying factors including phenotypic, hormonal and social differences. It is also argued that gender differences could be attributed to social

After comparing the data of two different observations. We figured out the result is the same as we assumed- People seems to laugh more in group.

For this experiment, a single subject rated the happiness experienced when viewing an image of abstract art. The subject used a rating scale which used a sliding scale to denote happiness evoked by the art, or a lack thereof. The score given by the rating ranged from 100, indicating very much happiness from viewing the art, all the way down to 0, indicating that the art did not evoke happiness in the least. Three different conditions were tested, including a normal condition, in which no special instructions were given to the subject; a pen between the subject’s teeth condition, which mimicked smiling; and a pen between the subject’s lips, which did not use the same muscles as the smiling/pen in teeth condition. The subject was instructed to perform each of condition a total of 11 times (for a total of 33 trials altogether), but was not told why until after the trials were finished. This was done so as not to bias the subject in regards to any of the conditions. The experiment was designed to investigate if putting the subject’s face into a simulated smiling state would influence the judgment about the amount of happiness generated when viewing abstract art (Sage, 2016). There were three levels of the factor for this experiment. The independent variable, or factor, is the pen (e.g. no-pen, pen/teeth, pen/lips) and the dependent variable is the happiness rating given to each image of abstract art.