The On The Other Hand, Apoptosis The Mitochondrial Dna Polymerase-

From what we gathered from our analysis of previous case studies, we have found that it is quite well known that the likelihood of recovering mtDNA in small or degraded biological samples (Just et al., 2004; Melton, Dimick, Higgins, Lindstrom, & Nelson. 2005) is greater than for nuclear DNA because mtDNA molecules are present in hundreds to thousands of copies per cell compared to the nuclear complement of two copies per cell. Therefore, muscle, bone, hair, skin, blood and other body fluids (Morley et al., 1999; Gilbert, Janaway, Tobin, Cooper, & Wilson, 2006), even if degraded by environmental impact or time, may provide enough material for profiling the mtDNA position.

Herpes is one of the common of more than 30 different sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) in America today. Herpes is an infection that is caused by one of two closely related viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Both of which are very easily caught, have similar symptoms, and can occur on different parts of the body. Even though it is most common to see the virus HSV-1 appear as oral herpes and to see the virus HSV-2 appear as genital herpes.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a long-term (chronic) viral infection. HIV kills white blood cells that help to control the body's defense system (immune system) and fight infection. HIV spreads through semen, pre-seminal fluid, blood, breast milk, rectal fluid, and vaginal fluid. HIV is commonly spread through sexual contact and sharing needles or syringes, because these behaviors involve exchanging bodily fluids. Without treatment, HIV can turn into AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), an advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS is a very serious illness and can be life-threatening.

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is related to HIV, but they are not one in the same. A person has AIDS only in the final stages of HIV, after the immune system becomes unable to defend itself against foreign bacteria, other viruses, and fungi, and allows for the development of certain cancers. The world first became aware of AIDS in the early 1980s. Growing numbers of gay men in New York and California were developing rare types of pneumonia and cancer, and a wasting disease was spreading in Uganda. Doctors reported AIDS symptoms under different names, including “gay-related immune deficiency” and “slim,” but by 1985, they reported them all over the world.

Advances in treatments and health care have made Herpes infection in the western world a chronic disease. Currently, quality and life expectancy of people with Herpes could be compared to that of many other people. However, changes in the social perception of Herpes have been less significant. Routes of transmission, its implications regarding the mandates of more traditional gender and their association in the social imagination to socially excluded groups are because of the stigma associated with infection and ground of discrimination in various

BK virus is a common infection that can cause a mild respiratory illness. BK virus is also called polyomavirus. After the first infection, the virus remains in the kidneys and other parts of the urinary tract but is inactive (latent). BK virus very rarely causes problems in healthy people. People may live with this inactive virus for years and never have any more symptoms.

Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) was recently discovered in the tumours called Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS). These tumours are found in people with AIDS and are otherwise very rare. KS forms purplish tumours in the skin and other tissues of some people with AIDS. It is very difficult to treat with medication. HHV8 may also cause other cancers, including certain lymphomas (lymph node cancers) associated with AIDS. The fact that these cancers are caused by a virus may explain why they tend to occur in people with AIDS when their immune systems begin to fail. The discovery also provides new hope that specific treatments for these tumours will be developed that target the

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that affects many people in the world. This paper will discuss the history, taxonomy, structure, and replication of the virus. The common symptoms, treatments, and vaccinations will also be discussed.

In this video Professor Blossom Damania talked about how KSHV sequence generates primers and how the virus Herpes exist on normal healthy people. I learned that the virus is waiting for something to go wrong so they can harm you. I also learned that KSHV was discovered because of the AIDS epidemic, but I didn't know that Kaposi Sarcoma was around longer than that. I learned that in 1872, Mortiz Kaposi described the cancer in Europe as blotches on the skin, which targeted older men because they are immunosuppressed. I learned that this is because, as you age your immune system goes down. I learned that in the 80’s there was no diagnosis of HIV so if someone show up with Kaposi Sarcoma, the doctors would use this as a sign that they have HIV.

Herpes is the name given to many virus diseases that’s caused by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), which causes cold sores and painful blisters. It is caused by contact (touching). Everybody do not have HSV, which means that people get this disease from them that have it by sharing objects such as lip balm, finger-nail cutter, hair clipper, etc. HSV can also be contacted directly through sexual activities. When it comes to statistic of the disease Herpes, it is quite separated by gender and race. For all, 16.2% (over 25 million; 1 out of 6) of Americans have genital herpes. 20.9% of women have genital herpes. 11.5% of men have genital herpes. 39.2% of black Americans have genital herpes (48% of black women). 12.3% of white Americans have genital herpes. 80% of Americans

Herpes is a highly contagious viral infection with a family of eight different types of viruses that affect the human body. There is herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) or the HHV1, which targets the facial area with cold sores on the lips. Additionally, there is herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) or the HHV2, which is known to cause a sexually transmitted disease known as genital herpes. Another one is the varicella-zoster virus (HHV3) which has been linked to chickenpox. Apart from chickenpox, it is also known to cause shingles- a recurrent skin infection. Another type of herpes is Epstein-Barr virus (HHV4) which is the causative agent of the ‘kissing disease’ or mononucleosis. The ‘kissing disease’ is contagious and is passed from one person to the other through sharing utensils, saliva, or sneezing interactions with an infected person. Moreover, there is (HHV5), officially known as cytomegalovirus (CMV). Apart from the HHV4, it is also thought to cause mononucleosis. The virus is particularly dangerous for healthy people as it may fail to show any signs or symptoms. It can be contracted through sexual encounters, and it affects newborns in addition to causing hepatitis. Not only through sexual contact can CMV be passed on but also by breast- feeding, blood transfusion, or by an organ transplant. This infection is one of the hardest complications for people living with AIDS. It may cause a variety of complications blindness, diarrhea, and even death.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious disease with complications that may have fatal results in some cases. DKA is defined as an insulin deficiency that occurs when glucose fails to enter insulin into muscles such as: liver and adipose tissue. When there is an accumulation of ketones, it leads to metabolic acidosis which causes nausea and vomiting, as a result fluid and electrolytes are loss (Gibbs). There are many complications of diabetic ketoacidosis, some of the most prevalent are: Cerebral Edema, Hypolglycemia, and Acute Pancreatitis.

BKV infection is endemic worldwide. It affects both genders, is non-seasonal, and unrelated to socio-economic status [3]. Primary infection usually occurs in early childhood, with a seroprevalence reaching 65-90% of children 5-9 years of age [3]. There are several modes of direct interhuman transmission: respiratory, uro-oral, and fecal-oral borne (important in replication of BKV in the urine of immunosuppressed patients, women in their second and third trimester of pregnancy, elderly patients), blood-borne (with BKV carriage in leucocytes), and sexual (sperm) [28]. Contaminated water remains an important BKV reservoir [3].

HIV and AIDS have affected millions of people throughout the world. Since 1981, there have been 25 million deaths due to AIDS involving men, women, and children. Presently there are 40 million people living with HIV and AIDS around the world and two million die each year from AIDS related illnesses. The Center for Disease Control estimates that one-third of the one million Americans living with HIV are not aware that they have it. The earliest known case of HIV was in 1959. It was discovered in a blood sample from a man in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Looking further into the genetics of this blood sample researchers suggested that it had originated from a virus going back to the late 1940’s or early 1950’s. In 1999,

Lipodystrophy is a disorder of fat metabolism that may be clinically evident as adipose tissue accumulation (eg, in intraabdominal, dorsocervical, or breast tissues, and lipomas), lipoatrophy (loss of fat mass, eg, of the face, limbs, buttocks), and metabolic abnormalities (eg, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or lactic acidemia). The pathogenesis of lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients is multifactorial and includes effects of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 itself, and genetics and other host factors. Evidence suggests that the nucleoside analogue, reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTIs) stavudine, didanosine, and zidovudine may cause mitochondrial toxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial DNA polymerase in fat and