The On The Path Reversal Test

Differences related to gender in spatial memory are most widely described and studied of cognitive sex differences. In 1974 Maccoby and Jacklin established that males usually perform better than females in measures of spatial performance, and this discovery has been constantly replicated in multiple studies covering various developmental stages (McGivern et al. 1997; Lewin et al. 2001) and spatial tasks (Dabbs Jr. et al. 1998; Driscoll et al. 2005).

The two-pronged test was developed to “determine whether that information demonstrated probable cause” (Ingram p.172) where the first part of the test, “an informant’s veracity and reliability had to be determined prior to finding that the informant’s information supplied probable cause” (Ingram p.173) In this part of the test the police had to prove that the informant was a believable person” (Ingram p.173), such as having a history of “giving a reliable and truthful information to the police in the past, and might even implicated himself or herself in a crime just to prove to the police that he or she is telling the truth. The reliability of certain personalities as an informant such as the “local priest, mayor and another police officer

A common stereotype is that men are predominately better at math than women. In this

Researchers has identified other types of cells that further aid in the coding of cognitive maps. Grid cells, head direction cells, and border cells are all three cells that aid in the way people and animals find their way around. Wayfinding is a kind of navigation in which we take route that usually involves making turns. Our ability to get from one place to another may seem simple, especially for routes we have traveled many times. Wayfinding may be complicated to others, while it could also be simple. One difference in wayfinding can be traced to experience and how well you know the route. According to Carolyn Gregorie, studies have shown that men have a better sense of direction than women do. Previous studies including many decades old experiments on rats in mazes, have shown that men tend to outperform women on tasks requiring spatial awareness and wayfinding. Men are found to use cardinal directions more in their navigation meaning, men tend to use a “world-centered strategy,” going in the general direction of where something is

Postma, Van Oers, Back and Plukaard (2012) in their paper “Losing your car in a parking lot: Spatial memory in the real world” examines spatial memory including strategy usage in a real-life context. The study took the form of a questionnaire and had duration of approximately 10 minutes; with a sample size of 115 participants and participants matched for both age and gender. Their results suggest gender differences as well as an age effect for spatial memory. One of the main aspects of this study is it’s attempt at ecological validity, attempting to replicate results found within laboratory settings in a real-world setting, though it appears that the cost of ecological validity is decreased regulation over control variables. Postma’s

This year, I was selected as the September Student of the Month for Logan Elm High School. I then attended the Rotary luncheon, and was given a keychain that contained the Four-Way-Test on it. After the meal, I began to consider how I have applied the characteristics and questions listed on the keychain in all of my situations. The Four-Way Test serves as the foundation for ethics and making effective decisions. This test should be taught at a young age, encouraging youth to understand the effects of their choices.

than men. When on a road trip, my mother and I are pretty good at reading maps. My brother and father on the other hand, are horrible at reading maps. Well that’s not including google maps, which tells them the directions. I would say that specifically, I am good at Math and Science, but I am also good a History and English and love designing things. So, that’s kind of weird because when it comes to spatial memories, math and science people are supposed to be good with directions. This would go along with the idea of the two hemispheres of the brain. Right hemisphere dominant people are more creative, musical, artistic. Left hemisphere dominant people are more factual, science and math minded. So, since I enjoy and am pretty good at activities from both sides then I must have equally dominant

Desrocher, Smith & Taylor (1995) conducted a similar experiment with intentions of measuring reaction times. Only in this experiment the independent variable was not mental vs. manual rotation, but gender. They were interested in seeing if gender differences played a role in regard to reaction times, when presented with either a letter stimuli or picture stimuli. It has been noted that up to the present time, there have been no major findings that show any significant difference in the way men and woman process letter images. In tests, both men and woman performed equally well (Desrocher, smith &

They both have different ways of solving math and men most times have the advantage over women due to the heavy impact of stereotypes on women. In the article Knowing is Half the Battle: Teaching Stereotypes Threats as a Means of Improving Women’s Math Performance it states that there are many affects that stereotypes have on women that effect their performance including anxiety and other affective and cognitive responses. (John) When stereotypes are put into play, they cause problems and the people cannot perform properly because they start to believe the lies of the stereotypes. One thing from New Trends in Gender and Mathematics Performance: A Meta-Analysis writes that women perform better in a setting where there are no stereotypes versus a setting that has stereotypes. (Lindberg) This shows that college student women do not perform well when they are pressured by the stereotypes people say to them, but when put in a place where there are no stereotypes pressuring them they do better in their mathematical performance. Stereotypes are one of the main reasons that females have trouble with competing against males, because they feel that they are not good enough. Stereotypes are a huge problem when deciding what to do for a career, but when there is a way to deplete stereotypes it might change the

On average, it is said that men’s brains are between 10 and 15 percent larger then women’s (Sample,2013). Scans have revealed that men’s brains are strongly connected between the from and back regions. These regions are connected more with perception and coordination. Over the years, the question does men have lower attention spans have been studied. One difference

Scientists have concluded that because men’s brains are generally larger their intelligence quotient is approximately four points above that of women.

It is generally believed that woman have higher discriminatory abilities with respect to naming of colours, which often implies they have superior colour vision. It has been found in many studies that women perform better than men in the matching of colours from memory, and tend to use a plethora of different words to describe sets of colour stimuli. It is possible that there exists an underlying physiological explanation for why there should be

In an experiment comparing the differences in gender on mental rotation of three dimensional objects, S. Marion Tapley and M.P. Bryden (1977) found that men had higher accuracy rates than women and that the slope of function relating to the response time to degree of rotation was steeper in women. This study suggests that frequent use of visual imagery was related to mental rotation rated in men and not

The slip test was conducted on an overground walkway. A sliding device was embedded in the middle section of a 7-m walkway to induce slips during overground walking including a metal beam structure (2.5 × 0.30 × 0.21 m, Bhatt and Pai 2008) (Figure xx). This device consisted of a pair (i.e., right and left) of low-friction (coefficient of friction is 0.02, Bhatt et al., 2005), passively movable platforms (0.65 × 0.30 × 0.006 m, 2.6 kg, Bhatt and Pai 2008). Each platform was mounted to an aluminum track via ball bearings and placed on top of a pair of tandem force plates bolted to the ground (AMTI, Newton, MA) for recording ground reaction forces (Yang, Anderson, & Pai, 2007). Both platforms were firmly locked in place, but could be unlocked

Females are better at verbalizing and verbal tasks and use double the amount of words than males when talking. Females also learn how to read and write earlier than males and also have a superior sensory system. Females use their five senses much better and are able to remember sensory information easier and have better hearing ranges than males (Sasser). It may often seem that males do not pay attention in the classroom, but in reality it may not be a case of attention at all. Males actually might not hear the frequency or pitch of the teacher’s voice, so in turn a teacher needs to talk louder. Females may take this the wrong way and consider it yelling when in fact the teacher is just trying to get everybody’s attention (Moton). Males are able to spatially process information better. Having this advantage makes them better at multiple skills such as motor skills, mental manipulation of objects, mathematical and abstract reasoning, processing symbols and pictures, navigation, and computer processing (Sasser).