The Organization and Work of People at Bletchley Park Essay examples

One of the most important needs for espionage was in the deciphering of the ENIGMA. [176] This was used to code and decode German messages sent and received between commanders and such. [176] It was very hard to decipher the ENIGMA because of the way it was set up. [176] What made it so difficult to decipher was the process by which a letter in an original message was transformed into a different one for the transmitted message. [176] The process involved, among other things, three motors in each machine that were chosen from a set of five. [176] Each of them had twenty-six settings, and a plugboard, which connected the keyboard letters to the lampboard letters. [176] For example the first time the L key was pressed a B might light up, but because the rotors turned further entries of L on the board would not produce another B but rather other letters. [176] US intelligence along with help from other countries was eventually able to make a duplicate machine that would help them in decoding messages. [177] Without help from espionage in this instance the US and their allies would be susceptible to unknown attacks and movements of armies without having a chance to

“the keyboard for inputting letters, the scrambler unit for encrypting the letters and the lamp board for displaying the enciphered letters” (Lendl). In order to break the Enigma Machine, the code breakers had to find the daily settings that the German used and understand them. However, it is important to know that Polish cryptographers already broke the Enigma machine in 1932 as Marian Rejewski reconstructed a replica of the Enigma i.e. Bomba machine. However, Turing used Rejewski’s ideas and improved the bombe machine so that the machine could go through all the possible combinations of the Enigma rapidly (Lendl). The polish Bomba inspired Alan Turing for the construction of his own Bombe machine. The Bombe machine was crucial for the breaking of Enigma’s signals. This machine is not considered as a computer and does not perform calculation, but was designed “to carry out a systematic search to determine the following components of an Enigma key: the rotor order, the ‘rotor core starting positions’, and some of the ‘steckers’” (Carter). Due to the work of the Bletchley Park codebreakers, the United Kingdom had access to the German communications and could predict future naval attacks, this allowed the prevention of several

Code breaking was a crucial part of the secret efforts of the allied forces during World War II. Though modern day code breaking is a feat which can be achieved by means of using advanced technology, during World War II, code breaking was a vital and dangerous endeavour. The Nazi’s Enigma code was one of the most difficult and essential ciphers to unscramble. The Bletchley Park code breakers actually created what was considered the first prototype of a computer for the purpose cracking the Enigma code. In deciphering the Enigma code many lives were lost, however, a larger number of lives were saved. The Coventry Blitz was a prime example of how lives were lost in order to preserve the secrecy of the Enigma code. Cracking

While bloody fights were taken place, the communication war raged on in secrecy. Bletchley Park is where the fight mostly took place. In the late 1930’s in a remote area outside London, lived a mansion (Gladwin). This mansion was soon to be converted into a super-secret compound called Bletchley Park. The park was surrounded by small cottages in which students from the local colleges were recruited from to live there (Gladwin). Their task was to decipher all types of encoded messages in secrecy away from the public eye. Soon to be there was the infamous Alan Turing. Although it was mainly a code breaking facility, there was not a more daunting task to decode messages coming from the infamous German machine Enigma. Enigma was an encrypting type righter which used rotors which created nearly impossible trillion different results each time it sent out a message (Gladwin). It was nearly impossible to decipher by just using paper. Turing had an idea of creating a large machine in which could emulate nearly thirty six Enigmas at any time while running (Gladwin). The machine Turing had created was known as a bombe. Soon after they would use these bombes to crack the Enigma codes being sent from the Germans (Gladwin). Although Bletchley Park was one of the main places, in an interview with Jean Valentine, it was found that by the end of the war there was at least five other places where bombes were stationed at (Lewis). This machine was one of the first successful models of its kind. Also in the interview Jean states that, “These machines did the equivalent work of 36 Enigmas and 200 of them were working 24 hours a day…” (Lewis). Bombes were one of the most successful machines of its time for breaking the Enigma. Secrecy was also a key component in Bletchley Park. In the interview with Jean Valentine, it was found that if anyone asked them about what they were doing they were to tell others that

expanded. The ground floor of the main house held the naval military air sections, exchange and teleprompter room and kitchen and dining room and the top floor was allocated to the section M16. The extra buildings accumulated to 23 extra huts accommodating activities from recreational to intelligence analysis and blocks A through H were used for decoding purposes surrounding intelligence radio transitions and Enigma decoding. Huts 6 through 8 were allocated to the decoding of Enigma. The one thing holding the Allies back in the war was the large number of the intercepted messages from the Germans that could not be decoded. While Bletchley had many marvels of decoding, which allowed for a greater understanding of the German, Japanese and Italian attacks, the German messages coded by Enigma were a true enigma to those working at Bletchley Park. A true revel of every piece of the puzzle that was Enigma would be down to the Bombe Machine. For those at Bletchley Park every pattern that lay within each code of Enigma was an underlying puzzle. Every piece of the puzzle lead to more and more information about the tactics of the German Military, this information was all being

In real life Alan and his team really did work full time at Bletchley Park intercepting and reading German encrypted code. There were 10,000 people that were a part of the Bletchley Park operation. In 1939 GC&CS (name of Cipher School) and Alan Turing created the Bombe to determine the German’s daily rotor settings. This is the most well known way of breaking code, but this was not the only way to break code during World War II. German’s had increasingly capable versions of Lorenz Cipher machine.

They spent no less than two years under the shelter of the forests of Poland; Tuvia, the eldest often sent scouts to infiltrate and recruit new members of the group from the nearby ghettos to the Naliboki forest. The group’s policy of accepting all would inflate the mass of the group to over 1200 Jews but only a small amount (about 150) of the group would engage in armed combat and operation has most of the population was woman, children, and seniors (70%).They lived in underground bunkers and established basic infrastructure and utility building; kitchen, mill, bathhouse, bakery, medical clinic, quarantine for those with infectious illness/disease and small livestock of cows provided milk. Members of the group had useful trade skills in making goods, repairs, and providing logistical support; this service was also extended to the nearby Soviet partisans. They were well known among partisans for their workshop of 125 workers which included; tailors, shoemakers, metalworkers, tanners, carpenters, leatherworkers, hat makers, barbers, watch makers completed daily repairs, new products, and other useful services for the group and guests. Most children attended the dugout school.

For instance, because the improper alliance of scholar (also the Lieutenant Colonel) James Edmonds and Capitan Vernon Kell (major K), and their lobbying, British set up the “Secret Service Bureau” MO (t) (a counter espionage organization). This is not a useless work. Germany did send some spies to British before and during the war, trying to collect information about British Navy and sending it back to Berlin. At that time, this organization did work a lot. From 1911 to the 1914, they arrested 10 suspected spies and found 22 spies under Gustav Steinhauer, a German naval officer who is responsible for collecting British information. Besides this counter espionage organization, on the other hand, British also had its own espionage system, and tried to permeate to other countries. As a superpower at that time, the ambitious make British not only sent information collectors to Germany, but also to Netherland, Russia and so on. The emergence of these organizations made the World War more complex, and provide a blasting fuse for more countries getting involved, thus make the war less possible to

Turing could tell that his country was soon going to be at war. After Britain’s declaration of war on September 3, 1939 Turing began to work at Bletchley Park in Buckinghamshire with a team attempting to decode the Enigma Machine. The Enigma Machine was an encoding machine used by the Germans during World War II. The Enigma Machine relied on a set of rotating wheels that encrypted each letter of the alphabet as a different one; the total number of keys to the Enigma Code was 150 quintillion. To make the Enigma machine even harder to decode, the setting changed every night at midnight. Before World War II the Polish succeeded in reconstructing the internal wiring of an enigma Machine and a group of Polish mathematician cryptanalysts created a machine called Bomba to crack the code. In May of 1940 the Germans changed their operating procedures and rendered the Bomba useless. After the Bomba became useless Turing and his team worked to create a new code breaking machine, the Bombe. The bombe used a set of rotating drums to replicate the way the Enigma Machine used a set of rotating wheels. Turing was able to find a weakness in the coded messages of the Germans; they often contained phrases such as “Wetter fuer die nacht” (weather for the night) and “Heil Hitler.” This weakness allowed Turing to find logical chains in the phrases that corresponded to billions of Enigma settings. On

The Wall Street analysts accused Harry of boosting his fortunes at the expense of shareholders. Furthermore Figgie’s growing concern about the future of the company, as Figgie International’s equipment outdated, labor cost grew more expensive and the world became more competitive. accelerated the process of recruiting managing consultants to commence radical and transformational change that eventually failed

The daily routine in the complex differed in each camp, but the basic routine was the same. The inmates woke at dawn,

Julius Rosenberg provided crucial information about the Manhattan Project as well as other atomic energy programs of the United States’ government. Interestingly, Julius Rosenberg, along with several of his agents, had degrees in electrical engineering. In fact, many of them held positions in highly classified military and government offices. Julius Rosenberg worked at the Army Signal Service, an agency that functioned with “responsibility for research and development in communications; procurement, testing, and operation of signal equipment; maintenance of signal security; and collection of communications intelligence” (“Records of the office of the Chief Signal officer”). Among the activities of the Rosenbergs, this was only the beginning.

“With German invasion imminent in 1939, the Poles opted to share their secrets with the British, and Britain's Government Code and Cipher School (also known as GC&CS) Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, became the centre for Allied efforts to keep up with dramatic war-induced changes in Enigma output.” (Andrew Lycett, BBC.co.uk) If the Allies had access to decoded German communication, then they would have the upper hand. The Germans were so confident in the Enigma code that they used it to encrypt most all of their messages during the war. Since it was a difficult and sensitive task, Bletchley Park needed Britain’s best minds to work together. “He (Alan Turing) was already working part-time for the British Government’s Code and Cypher School before the Second World War broke out. In 1939, Turing took up a full-time role at Bletchley Park in Buckinghamshire-” (Imperial War Museums). Alan Turing was a very intelligent mathematician and at this point, he was proving this to many others. His genius was exactly what this problem needed. After Britain declared war on Germany, they immediately sent people to work on cracking the Enigma. It was believed to be an impossible task, and yet they put their best efforts into working on it with the help of

Spies had to be able to communicate with each other and get information back to their headquarters, so they had many way to get their messages to people. One simple, but effective way to do this was the spike letter box. It was a spike with a hollow core so you could roll up a piece of paper and stick it into it. The spike was then put into the ground by a predetermined sign or into a fence post. This allowed the spies to hide information for pick up in plain site.

Bletchley Park was a location set up by the British government dedicated entirely to breaking enigma. However, they were extremely secretive about the work going on within Bletchley Park and went to great security measures to ensure secrecy. When the employees were done for the day, the guards would check to make sure that they were not bringing any papers out of Bletchley Park (“The Imitation”). This shows that they were extremely serious about keeping their work a secret from everyone else in fear of Nazi spies finding out about the work within Bletchley Park. Nobody outside of the park was allowed to know about the work. Employees had to lie about their job in order to prevent people from finding out about what the government was doing. The intelligence that was produced by the employees in Bletchley was code-named ultra secret (Waskey). The code-name is an example of how deliberate the government was about their work. There were many people the government hired that worked on cracking enigma. However, the changeable settings of the Enigma machine meant that most messages could not be read in real time (Waskey). The inability to read the messages in real time would lead to the failure of avoiding the attacks launched by the Nazis. Thus, leading to another victory for the Nazis and a loss for the