The Origin Of The Word Nano

Among other approaches tried by scientists, colloidal systems like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles etc., have shown promise but not many products have made it to the market (7). Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are gaining much popularity in recent years. Among these, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems from biodegradable and biocompatible polymer are an interesting option for controlled drug delivery and drug targeting (8). Amongst the various drug-delivery systems, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) are potentially attractive choices due to their natural components and easily scaled-up formulation processes. In addition, their hydrophobic core provides a suitable environment for entrapment of hydrophobic drugs (9). Among the important technological advantages of nanoparticles as drug carriers are: high stability (i.e. long shelf life), high carrier capacity (i.e. many drug molecules can be incorporated into the particle matrix), feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration (10). NLCs are kind of lipid-based nanoparticles, which has the advantages of biodegradable, brain targeting, well-recognized safety profile by drastically reducing drug-related toxicities through reduction of nonspecific biodistribution (11). NLCs consist of an unstructured solid lipid

Ricardo Morales on the synthesis and characterization of bimetallic magnetic nanoparticles for further application in cancer treatment, I gained the skill sets needed to come up with research ideas and implement them as well as how to resolve issues that arise within any research. My experience as a teaching assistant in organic and general chemistry at the University of La Verne Chemistry Department taught me the importance of lab safety and the joys of connecting what is learned in lecture to lab and helping students make that connection in a lab setting while creating a safe environment. My experience as an Academic Success Center tutor in chemistry course from general chemistry to advance organic chemistry taught me the joys of helping students to truly understand material and not memorize it but have that knowledge become a part of them that they can use whether in a research setting or to explain those concepts to their peers. These experiences in undergrad allowed me to determine that academia was the right fit for me; graduate school will give the skills needed to fulfill this

Nanoparticles (1 000 000 times smaller than a millimetre) are manifesting to be a great success in nanomedicine’s discovery of supplementary methods of fighting against superbugs. At the University of Colorado, researchers have utilized nanoscale quantum dots, which are “miniscule semiconductor particles with specific light-absorption properties, to kill drug-resistant superbugs without harming the surrounding healthy tissue,” (Nagpal, 2017: para. 2). Nanoscale quantum dots that are activated by a light source perturb the balance of chemical processes in threatening bacteria that would kill them.

“You know nothing about the future, Nano, and this way, I’ll make sure you never do.” he had said to me as an uncontrollable fire raged; his figure a dark broken down silhouette against the light that enveloped the landscape and the lonely castle on the hill. I had only been off for what seemed like a second to only come running back to find my new home and refuge burning to the ground. His home too. Lalna, the scientist who was mad but also strangely put together, had seemed to have finally snapped.

Nanocarriers (NCs) have emerged as a favored drug delivery approach towards improving the anticancer benefits of several bioactives for cancer therapy with recent reports showing the application of NC systems in clinical settings [18]. The NCs with size < 100 nm have been associated with enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR) due to the presence of leaky vasculature in the tumor tissues which contributes to its enhanced efficacy. Also recently, NCs have shown to be effective in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma [19]. A recent study by Kanai et al. showed that the NC albumin-bound paclitaxel and carboplatin (nabPC) repetitively achieved tumor regression in malignant mesothelioma

The technologic progress during the Industrial Revolution enhanced quality of life but also resulted in a human health burden. As in the case of asbestos with its decades of long latency that still remain, there are many legitimate concerns about the unknown human health consequences of nanomaterials. Nanotechnology, now at the leading edge of rapid development with many potential human health benefits, is perceived with apprehension for potential human health risks. Enhanced strength, durability, flexibility, performance, and inimitable physical properties associated with these materials has been exploited in a multitude of industries and treatment modalities including detection of tumors, targeted drug delivery, and prognostic visual monitoring

“This work has led many other investigators around the world to study this nanomaterial, but we were one of the first groups to study these nanoparticles in a biomedical context.

Nanoparticles have a series of advantages, such as relatively high drug loading, stability in the body fluids and storage conditions, slow controlled release and targeting effect, and easily industrialized production,and they have thereforebecome the hot spot of brain targeted research [14, 15]. Nanoparticles could carry drugs through the BBB and act in the CNS; especially after surface modification they can avoidphagocytosis by thereticuloendothelial system to make drugs available through the BBB and significantly improve the concentration of drugs in the brain, which is becoming an important research field of the basic researchand application of drug delivery

The efficient delivery of drugs and energy to tumors faces several difficulties and obstacles that need to be overcome for effective cancer treatment. Nanoparticles administrated through intravenous injections accumulate at a tumor site due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, but only a small quantity of the injected particles can actually “reach the tumor” (Su et al, 2016). The majority of the nanoparticles interact with “cancer cells at the periphery of a tumor” which presents a “physiological barrier” that prevents most of the injected particles from reaching the tumor (Su et al, 2016). In addition to this barrier, there is also another significant obstacle, “cancer-associated fibroblasts”, which can also

Aim 1: Formulate and optimize fluorescently-coated SPIO nanoparticles for cellular uptake by rMSCs. Fluorescently-coated SPIO nanoparticles will be formulated by an existing water-in-oil reverse micelle method protocol [7]. The

In addition to peptides, protein-based ligands such as Affibody proteins have been utilized for tumor targeting. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Affibody protein (e.g., Ac-Cys-ZEGFR:1907, amino acid sequence: Ac-CVDNKFNKEMWAAWEEIRNLPNLNGWQMTAFIASLVDDPSQSANLLAEAKKLNDAQAPK-NH2) is used to target EGFR that is overexpressed in a wide variety of human tumors. Cheng and co-workers used anti-EGFR Affibody protein as tumor-targeting ligand on 64Cu–Au-IO nanoparticles (PET component: 64Cu, MRI component: iron oxide, specific for EGFR) surface.[63] In their work, A431 tumor cells were subcutaneously implanted in the right shoulders of nude mice; and 64Cu-NOTA-Au-IONP-Affibody nanoparticles were administered via tail vain injection. Rather low resolution PET image showed that these nanoparticles were taken by EGFR positive A431 (human epithelial carcinoma cell line) cells reaching 4.6% ID/g at 24 h after injection, significantly higher than that obtained from the blocking experiment (1.9% ID/g) indicating the specificity of the probe. This difference in % ID/g values corroborated with 44% drop in MRI signal intensity that was observed for the tumor. In this study, the use of an Affibody protein as ligand for EGFR-expressing tumor in small animals was demonstrated to be successful; however, the benefit of multimodality was not demonstrated. The unique chemistry of this dumbbell-shaped Au–IO nanoprobe could pave the way for targeted drug delivery into EGFR-expressing tumors

We hypothesize that the RBC membrane derived vesicles will be a universal stealth agent for the nanoparticle surface. The nanoparticle will target the TFR (Transferrin receptor) and Ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) that is upregulated in the malignant cells. It will systemically administer siRNA to a human to produce a specific gene inhibition (reduction in mRNA and protein) by RNAi mechanism of action which will lead to reduction in RRM2 protein expression. The nanoparticle will be labelled with 64Cu which can be used for diagnosis using micro-PET imaging or CT imaging making the total approach theranostic.

Although the small size of nanocrystals leads to several advantages, but at the same time, it can lead to stability concerns as well. Theoretically, if we increase the drug surface area, it leads to an increase in Gibbs free energy. The system tries to reverse this increase by agglomeration/aggregation, ultimately leading to increased particle size and reduced stability.

The structural analysis of nanodisc bound A1-40 ¬suggests the formation of intermediate conformation with typical sheet structures driven by the PMA. We next characterized the toxicity of these A1-40 intermediates in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. Results showed substantial cytotoxic behavior of PMA in solution with a cell viability loss of ≈ 40 % at 2.5 M. The A1-40 monomer and fibers (2.5 M) incubated with equimolar PMA also showed a nearly equivalent cell cytotoxicity as that of the free PMA. In contrast, the PMA bound nanodiscs (Fig 5b) such as DMPC/GM1 (4:1) and DMPC (100 %) showed a relatively low cytotoxicity (< ≈ 10 %). On the other hand, the anionic

The enormous potential in the biomedical capabilities of nano robots and the imprecision and side effects of medical treatments today make nano robots very desirable.