The Paleozoic Era

The Jurassic Period is a time period were new dinosaurs were being discovered and found. It was about 199.6 to 145.5 million years ago. Some of the species that were found in the Jurassic Period are the Stegosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Brachiosaurus, and Allosaurus. Each dinosaur had their own characteristics for survival.

Fossils Tell of Long Ago uses accessible language and illustrations to aid all students in vocabulary and new concept growth. Explicit instructions, reading the book allowed to the class, and allowing conversation among individual students as they work through learning new words will aid ELL students in expanding their word knowledge. Furthermore, having ELL students translate new word to into their native language will help them activate their previous knowledge. Encouraging all students to be actively engage in learning words will ensure that ELL students and all students will gain knowledge and make connections to new words.

During the Cambrian Period there was an explosion of life forms. Most of these were in the water. Many animals with no backbones lived in the shallow seas. These animals were invertebrates.

Human technology and social development fostered the rapid movement of people throughout the globe during the latter phases of the Paleolithic Era. Many developments allowed the early hunter-gathers to cope with various environmental pressures. The first development is fire which was the “advance” towards human technology. Fire was considered the most centered element in their culture. They formed the technique to preserve glowing embers and starting fires by rubbing sticks together. This technique led to many improvements in the Paleolithic people. It allowed people to eat much a wider range of food since they could now cook them. With fire, they could eat animals such as cow, goat, and chicken. Not only was fire used to cook meat, but it

The Cretaceous Period had a similar climate to the Jurassic, warm. The geography, however, was changed a drastic amount from the previous period. The Earth had very high sea levels at this time due to the lack of polar ice caps. The supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana were breaking apart into the continents that are the same in the present day. Although the continents were the same, they did not yet look exactly the same. The continents will be further shaped by volcanic activity and tectonic plate activity. The shaping of the modern era was under way.

dinosaur age to the Cretaceous period, to the world we are living in today, where global warming

The Cretaceous period is a period of time within the Mesozoic Era lasting from 146 million years ago to 65.5 million years ago. It is one of three periods in the Mesozoic Era along with the Triassic and Jurassic periods. The Cretaceous period is well known for the amount of dinosaurs it had, and the event that put an end to the dinosaurs reign, the K-T mass extinction. During the K-T mass extinction, a huge asteroid hit earth and caused tons of dust to infiltrate the air. Only a small portion of dinosaurs died on impact Instead, the dust blocked out sunlight which caused plants to die. Without plants, many dinosaurs did not have a food source, so the died out. Carnivore dinosaurs, such as the Tyrannosaurus Rex, survived a little longer

From the Paleo-Indian period came the Archaic Period. The archaic was from 8,000 to 2,000 B.C. The people in the Archaic period began to adapt to their environment. Whereas the paleo- Indians traveled in small groups the Archaic people started traveling in larger groups. The Archaic people also started developing new tools. They designed baskets and nets which helped them collect and store food. To a small degree they did small scale farming, but it was not a big production. They remained solely dependent on hunting and gathering food (Encyclopedia Britannica). It is important to note that the Archaic period is divided into three sections called Early, Middle, and Late. A couple of burial mounds from the Archaic period were discovered. The

Stromatolite forms and is the first organisms on the earth they were formed by very thin layers of single-celled organisms.

According to a live science, an article written by Mary Bagley, "The Cretaceous Period was the last and longest segment of the Mesozoic Era. It lasted approximately 79 million years, from the minor extinction event that closed the Jurassic Period about 145.5 million years ago to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event dated at 65.5 million years ago"(Mary Bagley, LS). In the cretaceous period, the continent of Pangea was still breaking away from itself, forming what we now know as the seven world continents. In the many eras of dinosaurs, the cretaceous era was responsible for evolving some, but not all the dinosaurs from full land dinosaurs to some who were able to live both on land and in water, semi-aquatic carnivorous dinosaurs. This era had produced some of the dinosaurs that maybe us non- paleontologist are more familiar with like the all mighty tyrannosaurus rex or the long neck. Well let me tell you, there were a lot more dinosaurs than just those two. Although the tyrannosaurs rex was an enormous dinosaur, a bigger dinosaur was discovered in 1912, the Spinosaurus. This discovery would change peoples, kids, and paleontologists view on which dinosaur was bigger than the other. This semi-aquatic dinosaur, Spinosaurus, was much larger than the T-rex due to its sail like backbones that stuck out of its back. Furthermore, spinosaurus had a huge advantage that the tyrannosaurus-rex did not.

Some skills I hope to develop in participating in this experience are a broad understanding of how to conduct research, utilizing it beyond the college environment. In addition, I anticipate this will train and offer an in-depth knowledge of Paleobiology that a course and a textbook could not. One reason is that the research will be conducted in a laboratory that several professionals use that I would otherwise have limited access to. Obtaining this practice in a lab, I can utilize and engage in the concepts and principles of any scientific research, amplifying both my verbal and writing abilities in the process, accessing them in a future professional setting. Furthermore, participating in this research will permit me to analyze the influences of human activities on aquatic life with a Notable Professor who has recently obtained a Fellowship that has profited both his students and his own study, enabling them to research the northern Gulf of Mexico. These skills are just several I wish to emerge, however, I am optimistic that more will arise all throughout the research and whatever follows.

The dinosaurs appeared after the greatest mass extinction event occurred. This is known as the Permian-Triassic extinction. It has been estimated to have occurred around two hundred and fifty million years ago. (6) It is also known as the Great Dying with over ninety percent of species dying off, leaving the Earth essentially a wasteland. It led to the extinction of “57% of all families, 83% of all genera and 90% to 96% of all species. 53% of marine families, 84% of marine genera, about 96% of all marine species and an estimated 70% of land species, including insects.”(7) By the late-Permian, global temperatures were very hot, with them being the highest ever on the planet.

The Cro-magnon people lived about 100,000 to 10,000 years ago. The average temperature -2 degrees celsius (28.4 degrees Fahrenheit).The temperature sometimes reached lows of -4 or highs of 4 degrees celsius (24.8 or 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit). They lived in the epoch known as the Pleistocene epoch. The Pleistocene epoch was the first epoch occurred in the Quaternary period and the sixth epoch in the Cenozoic era.The Cenozoic era occurred during the Phanerozoic eon (the current eon). This epoch is best known as the “last ice age” and it lasted from 2.2 million to 11,000 years ago. The “last ice age” began its climate decrease at the start of the Pleistocene epoch (2.2 million years ago) and reached its peak about 20,000

Precambrian time is where things began to grow and form becoming an organism or recording earth’s history. Precambrian is the time of Bacteria and mechanisms such as plate tectonics. Also the formation of oceans and the atmosphere.

Jurassic is a period of time with Dinosaurs, rodents and birds. There were also island seas consisting of sharks, sea monsters and blood-red planktons. The existing plants in that period were cycads, ferns and conifers. The Mesozoic era was about 245 million years ago to 65 years ago, so it almost lasted about 180 years in total. The Mesozoic era is divided into three periods of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. Mesozoic era means middle animals and it is the era, which the word’s fauna has changed from what is in the Paleozoic era and the most famous organisms of this era are dinosaurs. In the Mesozoic era, the extinction of more than 90 percent of species in the earth was observed and the reason behind it was mostly volcanic eruptions and climate changes. On the other hand, this era had massive changes that represented ecological niches and rise to new creatures such as rodent-size mammals and first dinosaurs. In Triassic, which was the first period of Mesozoic, the mammals and first dinosaurs existed. Later than that, the second period was Jurassic, which giant shaped dinosaurs and other kinds of dinosaurs were developed. Besides that the first flowering plants and primitive birds, with long teeth appeared in that era as well.