The Pan-Slav Movement

The continent-wide efforts to establish and maintain a balance of power decreases the size and the power of France. It left or returned much of Europe and its peoples to the control of foreign powers. Nationalism began to spread in Italy, germany, Greece, and to other areas. The Austrians gained most of northern Italy. The Polish Duchy of Warsaw was taken back by Russia and Prussia. However, Russia kept Finland. Lastly, the German Confederation was politically dominated by Austria. All of this might result in revolutions and new nations forming. To conclude, these were the pros and cons of the Congress of Vienna and its impact on politics in

During the Congress of Vienna the combined powers redrew the map of Europe, undoing many of the changes caused by the Napoleonic wars, and reinstated old rulers to their thrones. Prussia was to receive territories on the left bank on the Rhine River as a way to discourage any future French rebellion or aggression. Austria was given Lombardy and Venetia, as well as other small nationalities, in an attempt to keep the states within Italy from starting a rebellion. The kingdom of Poland was created, but was essentially made part of the Russian empire, with Czar Alexander occupying the throne. The French monarchy, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and Metternich’s Austrian monarchy “utilized the bureaucratized state apparatus inherited from Napoleon to repress liberals”. The redrawing of European territories was done without consideration for the peoples living within , thus feeding the already growing agitation of the people, and promoted the call for unification along nationalistic lines.

Prague Spring, 1968 The Prague Spring is referred to when the Warsaw Pact allies invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968. In 1948, communism was the only political party in Czechoslovakia. The communist take-over was a very popular movement. One reason why it was such a popular movement is because Joseph Stalin signed an agreement with Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt that stated that, the Red Army, which would then lead to pro-communism, would liberate Czechoslovakia. The second reason why this was such a popular movement is because the people of Czechoslovakia remembered what happened with the Munich Agreement, where most of Czechoslovakia was surrendered to Nazi Germany in 1938.

WWI. This tension was caused by the threat Pan-Slavism posed on Austria-Hungary due to its high Slavic population and its recent annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina. Another tension-builder was that Russia, a Slavic nation and a super-power at the time, was fully supporting this movement, thereby indirectly challenging Austria-Hungary

Nationalism: is a strong feeling of pride in one’s country and believing that one’s country is better than other country and this aggressive nationalism in the early 1900’s was a source of tension in Europe, which fueled the war. Nationalism was very strong in France and Germany; it unified the Germans, as they were proud of their growing military and industrial strength. While, France wanted to regain its position as a leading European power. Similarly, Russia had encouraged a form of nationalism in Eastern Europe called Pan Slavism. It drew all Slavic people and Russia was the largest Slavic country ready to defend small Serbia. Multinational Austria Hungary opposed Slavic national movements. After Napoleon’s exile to Elba congress of Vienna was held and it tried to solve the problem in Europe. Delegates of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia agreed upon a new Europe whereas Germany and Italy were left as divided states. So there

5. The Kaiser finds Russia’s mobilization of troop again Austria and Hungary to be troublesome. This lead Kaiser Wilhelm to mobilize his own troops and prepare for a defense.

The Russian Revolution is a widely studied and seemingly well understood time in modern, European history, boasting a vast wealth of texts and information from those of the likes of Robert Service, Simon Sebag Montefiore, Allan Bullock, Robert Conquest and Jonathan Reed, to name a few, but none is so widely sourced and so heavily relied upon than that of the account of Leon Trotsky, his book “History of the Russian Revolution” a somewhat firsthand account of the events leading up to the formation of the Soviet Union. There is no doubt that Trotsky’s book, among others, has played a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of the events of The Revolution; but have his personal predilections altered how he portrayed such paramount

Was World war one the inevitable outcome of how European politics and society had developed in the decades before its outbreak? The first world war was not the result of one assassination, but rather it was a mixture of long term causes and more immediate strategic decisions. In the nineteenth century

In 1814,the European powers met at the Congress of Vienna to settle pressing questions about the post- Napoleonic political order. The task of the Congress of Vienna was to reinforce Europe’s monarchial regimes against the powerful social and political forces that had been unleashed after 1789. After Napoleon’s fall,

The balkans is a very important strategic location, because it provides a land bridge between Europe and Asia. Many nations wanted the Balkans because of it's position, so it played a large part in the history of Europe. The Balkan Peninsula was part of the Roman Empire, but later

The Czechoslovakia revolution mainly occurred because the communist government had many conflicts with the citizens but before the revolution, when communism was just beginning, the citizens wanted that type of government. On the contrary, during and after the revolution, the people of Czechoslovakia favored a more democratic government where the power resides in the people, not just rulers. The communist ways began in 1948 when “Benes gave in to communist demands and handed his cabinet over to the party” (Communists 1) after many acts of protest that he could no longer control. Many people fought to change their government in their country to go from a parliamentary democracy to a communist government. They wanted to change their form of

During the build up to World War One, Europe was a powder keg waiting for the smallest disturbance to explode. With complex alliances and ethnic ties, eventually, something was going to set off these tensions. “As a Continental, overpopulated, Power Germany presses constantly on Austria and uses her. Bismarck's policy towards Austria is the diplomatic and political formulation of the constant pressure (Page 121) of the Prussian North on the Austrian South. Lagarde, the father of modern Pan-Germanism, formulated the German programme: 'Colonisation of Austria by Germany.'” Pan Germanism is a clear example of ethnic entrepreneurship from Germany; the concept’s goal is to unite all German ethnicities into one massive state. This can also be related to nationalism, since the point of Pan Germanism is to create one homogenous state with one race and ethnocentric ideology. Germany’s ethnic entrepreneurship saw some success, resulting in the unification between Germany and Austria through the promise of ethnic domination.

The easiest solution, when discussing the Eastern Ukrainian conflict, would be to say the country is split between two sides. This split is normally presented right down the middle with a western and central, pro-European side and an Eastern and Southern, pro-Russian side. However, that is not necessarily the most

“Most influential of these representatives in the Congress of Vienna was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich” (Beck, 238). “At the Congress of Vienna, which convened after Napoleon’s abdication in 1814, Metternich shone brightly as the “coachman of Europe,” guiding policies and decision” (Peterson-Bennett, 632). The Austrian emperor, Francis I, who wanted a

At the early part of the 1990s, a major change in ideology was changing the face of Eastern Europe. With the collapse of the Soviet authority in 1989, many of the Eastern European countries claimed their independence, and started the process of Democratization in a Post-Communist environment. On January 1, 1993, almost three years after they claimed independence, the first Czechoslovakian constitution was ratified, thus putting the wheel of Democracy into motion. For a little more than ten years, Czechoslovakia has been fashioning itself into a more Democratized country. I am going to examine the validity of Democracy in Post-Communist Czechoslovakia. Through examining the oversight power of social institutions, the economy, national