The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Every behavior begins with biology. Our behaviors, as well as our thoughts and feelings, are produced by the actions of our brains, nerves, muscles, and glands. In this chapter we will begin our journey into the world of psychology by considering the biological makeup of the human being, including the most remarkable of human organs—the brain. We’ll consider the structure of the brain and also the methods that psychologists use to study the brain and to understand how it works.

TA muscle, a crucial muscle for foot lift during gait, and major player in maintaining balance and stability, demonstrated no significant differences during IDS, SS, and TDS on the affected side with the RE as compared to without the RE (P= 0.52780, P= 0.73530, P= 0.07592 respectively), but showed a significant difference during swing as stated above. In the TA muscle, there was no significant differences between the affected and unaffected limbs with RE (P>0.05). While there was no significant differences in EMG activation of the TA muscle without the RE during TDS and Swing, conversely there was a significant difference in IDS, and SS when comparing the affected and unaffected limbs (IDS: P=0.02631, SS: P=0.04539, TDS: P=0.06174, SW: P=0.09960). There was no significant

They also must withdraw blood to check for any condition. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is a condition that is presented with similar symptoms of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (Busmer 19). It may be difficult for medical professionals to differentiate these two conditions. Some techniques have been prone to minimize the risk of falls which consist of avoiding standing for long periods of times and if possible to keep moving. ”Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome is a life changing condition, often affecting healthy, young, fit and active people. It affects every aspect of their lives and consequently their physiological wellbeing” (Busmer 20). Some things that could happen because of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome are deconditioning because of poor tolerance of exercise. People who are diagnosed with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome need to go through a support of any kind such as practically and emotional. Some things are made to raise awareness through healthcare professionals. Research is also needed to understand Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and how to approach and manage or cure this

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is composed of two parts called the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is involved with sleeping, digesting meals, and making new blood cells and antibodies. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is involved with the “fight or flight” response and is associated with stress.

Each test subject started off seated in a chair at room temperature, in the same classroom, with a resting heart rate and normal breathing patterns. We took the subject’s resting blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic pressures) and heart rate with a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) made by MABIS Healthcare Inc, measuring the pressure of the brachial artery on the upper left forearm. The red indicating mark on the blood pressure cuff was aligned with the inside of the antecubital space. Once the first resting heart rate and blood pressure was recorded, the subject was asked to hold their breath for 30 seconds. After 30 seconds the

The patient should be seated with the feet flat on the floor. The BP is obtained in both arms,

Question What are the normal heart rate and blood pressure during rest, exercise, and recovery? Hypothesis If three healthy individuals conduct some sort of strenuous activity and it is recorded, then variability between test subjects, the function of the heart rate and blood pressure over time during recovery and the similarities and differences between the recovery curves from the first challenge should be easily recognized.

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS), function in a complementary and integrated manner to maintain homeostasis. The output of the autonomic nervous system is quick in comparison to the endocrine system functions. In most cases, these systems have opposite effects, where one initiates a physiological response and the other inhibits. The nerves of this system regulate vital internal functions which are generally performed without conscious control (Khan Academy, 2014).

Fatigue in RA is experienced as a daily symptom with various duration and intensity which affect daily activities, behaviors (17). According to Van Hoogmoed et al(18), fatigue among RA patients with severe fatigue is associated with pain, physical function and psychosocial factors(19). In our study we found that two dimensions of quality of life (functionality and spirituality)are affected by factors 1,3 and 4 of FAS. 17) In general, if we would try making a mention about the etiology of fatigue in RA we would say that little is known. The predictors may be pain intensity and rating, female sex (Belza, et.al, 1993; Huyser et.al, 1998), worse sleep quality (Belza, et.al, 1993; Wolfe, et.al, 1996), degree of physical disability (Mancuso, 2006),

heart rate, respira-tory rates, and dilate the air passages, as well as increase the amount of blood

Drugs that affect the autonomic nerves system are dived in to two groups (cholinergic and adrenergic) according to the type of neuron receptors involved during the mechanics of action of the drug. The cholinergic drugs affect the receptors which are activated by the acetylcholine, meanwhile the adrenergic drugs acts of the receptors which are activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine.

Before treatment exposure, the six subjects were seated and relaxed with eyes closed for five minutes while their heart rate was recorded, to establish a resting heart rate. Immediately following this five minute relaxation period, study participants were exposed to one of two treatments. During the control treatment, breathing in air, participants leaned into an empty basin and breathed normally for one minute while their heart rate was recorded. During the test treatment, cold water apnea, participants leaned into a basin filled with 10C water and attempted to hold their breath for one minute while their heart rate was recorded. Subjects were exposed to both

To start off the experiment, a baseline was needed in order to be able to compare the different variables through out the experiment. The subject was instructed to sit and relax quietly while the blood pressure cuff and pulse plethysmograph were placed properly. After the blood pressure was taken and analyzed, it was found that the subject’s blood pressure was 122/64 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 60 bpm. Now that the baseline was obtained, continuing with the changing variables could take place. Starting with the variable of postural changes, the subject first reclined for three minutes. After the two minutes, the

We decided to measure the subject’s pulse and respiratory rates whilst sitting down because there would be no additional stress on their heart, which would increase their heart rate. Their heart rate should also return to its resting heart rate due to the decrease of muscle use.

Results Th is study included 60 RA patients (55 female and fi ve male). Th ey were diagnosed according to the2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classifi cation criteria for RA (ACR/EULAR), recruited from patients attending the outpatient clinics of Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department of Menoufi a University Hospitals. Th e patient characteristics are presented in Table 1. In all, 20 apparently healthy volunteers matched for age and sex with the patients were enrolled in this study.