Bi-Articular Strength Lab Report

On the downward phase flexion occurs at the knee, stopping at about 90 °. Both quadriceps, acting as the agonist to flex the knee, and hamstrings, which mainly stabilizes the knee, act as an antagonistic pair and co-contract eccentrically to allow flexion. The hamstring is also acting as the synergist for the hip joint (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009). The Sartorius acts as the synergist and also contracts eccentrically to cause flexion at the knee (Wynsberghe et al., 1995).

The body frame that we designed helps align the knee and leg. Included are two parallel support bars on each side of the knee which with the help of the strap will comfortably secure and support the knee. With the arched support frame above the main body reduces the force and impact experienced by the force of knee by disturbing the weight. While carrying out daily task the knee will be required to bend and move to get the individual from one point to another. Reducing the force from the knee will result in more support and less amount of damage given to the knee. However, an important addition to our knee brace is that it reduces the movement of knee joint itself without affecting the mobility of the person wearing it. Added above and below the knee are knee support straps which immobilize the knee and add extra support. Nonetheless, the back-side of the knee is unaffected by the support and if free to bend without obstruction. As a result, this knee brace reduces wear and tear on weak knees. Baring the weight of the individual across the whole leg instead of focusing it on the knee

The left metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) joints are held at slight flexion pressed against the ground by a concentric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus. The left talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed using a concentric contraction of the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The right talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed by a concentric contraction of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius. The left tibiofermoral (knee) joints are being extended by a concentric contraction of the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius). The right metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) are being held plantar flexed due to an isometric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digtorum longus. The right tibiofermoral (knee) joints are flexed at a 90-degree angle by a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus. During this phase the left acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is flexed due to an eccentric contraction of the rectus femoris, pectineus, iliacus, and psoas. The right acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is at slight extension due to a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the gluteus

during these movements, the angles of those joints, as well as the muscles involved during the

The contraction of the extent which the The direction which the bone of the joint move depends on the contraction of the muscle.

b. The rectus femoris crosses both the hip and knee. In order to test its passive sufficiency, either of the joints’ ranges of motion could be measured. In this example, range of motion will be measured at the

The purpose of this article is to compare the laxity and stiffness of the knee joint in male and female cadavers. Three different directions will be evaluated, anterior-posterior, internal-external, and varus-valgus. Females are at a two to eight times greater risk of an ACL injury than a male. This is due to the laxity in the joints. Females also have limited proprioception in the knee joint, which may attribute to some injuries. This study used a technique using cadaver knees to complete this study.

Manual muscle testing will be tested to assess the strength in muscles used for running such as the prime/strong muscles which are the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, quadriceps, and tibialis anterior. This will also determine the weakness in muscles such as the plantarflexors, dorsiflexors, knee flexion, and knee extension. Also, range of motion will be tested on the tight muscles such as the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, and tibialis anterior. When the muscles are tight, the runner will increase the risk of injury (Schipper, 2009). Gait analysis will be used to examine deficits to body function, stability, and describe how the patient will be running. This will help determine the patient’s biomechanics and achieve adequate mobility. Lastly, we will perform a pain assessment to see what pain level the patient is at when running. This will help determine whether the patient is minimizing stress on the body to achieve no pain at all while running. To monitor progress of these assessments, we must know that if these “muscles are weak or become fatigued easily, there is less control of the leg and the risk of injury increases" (Schipper, 2009, paragraph

It is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion and extension, as well as anterior and posterior gliding and minimal rotation. The bony articulations of the knee include medial and lateral tibio-femoral articulations and a patello-femoral articulation. There is also an articulation between the head of the fibula and the tibia, but the fibula does not bear weight and is not considered part of the knee joint itself. The afore-mentioned articulating surfaces are incongruous, and the stability of the knee relies mostly on the integrity of the supporting muscles and ligaments. The muscles that span the knee are the quadriceps anteriorly, the hamstrings and gastrocnemius posteriorly, and the tensor fascia latae (iliotibial band) laterally (Moore 2014).

*insert article *attachedBesides being able to see the inside of a shoulder, doctors use different physical tests to evaluate the shoulder in order to determine what type of injury and how severe an injury may be. One such test was recently developed by Dr. Carl J. Basamania at the Womack Army Medical center in Fort Bragg, N.C. The test was developed to evaluate shoulder instability in a patient. During the test the Dr. or examiner stands next to the patient who is to lay flat on his/her back. The hand of the examined should is held firmly by the examiner. The examiner then pushes against the clavicle to stabilize th scapula, while they also gently hold the pectoral muscle with their thumb in order to be able to assess relaxation. The examiner then rotates the arm form neutral to full external rotation. If the patient has AIGHL incompetence there is a lack of tightening as the arm reaches full external rotation. The test has appeared to be highly accurate and may be of value to Dr.'s and surgeons alike. After doctors have determined what type and what degree of injury a patient has sustained using various tests it is on to the next step, rehabilitation.

Multiple studies focusing on joint measurement and the methods used signified that intra-rater reliability was accurate when compared to inter-rater reliability. Examiners used the same universal goniometers, along with other devices to measure joint position and ROM. Their finding lead them to the conclusion of measurements taken by the same person on the same individual were more accurate, than those compared to multiple examiners taking the same measurements on the same individual. However,

To provide measurements for safe reintroductions of the athletes to their respected sports post ACL injury, Standard Functional Tests (SFT) have been developed. (8,9,10) Most of these tests combine complex movements

Positive FABERs Test: bring hip into flexion, abduction, external rotation and watch for pain being elicited at joint as well as tests the adductors, the higher the knee is off the table, the shorter the adductor’s length, apply gentle overpressure for light stretch.

Jackson, A.W., Baker, A.A. (1986). The Relationship of the Sit and Reach Test to Criterion Measures of Hamstring and Back Flexibility in Young Females. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 57 (3), 183-186.

The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. The fibula is only involved to the extent that it serves as an attachment site for connective tissue. In this paper, the anatomy of the joint will be discussed.