The Pathology of Whitenes in Pym, by Mat Johnson

Racial identities are an ideological, social construct and phenomenon adopted by various literature. Many literature authors select the subject of race to identify the existing stereotypes of race in the modern and ancient societies. Toni Morrison reveals her beliefs about racisms through a graphic description of the Recitatif plot. The style allows the reader to experience the true nature of racism and revelation of personal traits without the use of race. In the short story, Recitatif, Morrison deliberately denies her characters, their racial identity contributing to the ambiguity fluctuating between the dominant races, white and black. The author reviews the historical events of the 1960s and 70s that promote the racial identities of White and African-Americans. Changing the expectations of her readers on the solutions based on stereotypes, further spreading the awareness of the racial stereotypes that are controversial topics on human existence (Löchle 4). The ironic nature, literature tricks, and the plot of the story embrace the racial stereotypes unfolding in the narrative. The author engages her readers through a closer reading through the adoption of literary elements, allowing the readers to fill in the gaps in the story. Through their participation, the readers develop an emotional attachment to the characters and the story, generating a deeper understanding and reversal responses. In particular, the ambiguity of racial

Some critics say that C. V. Woodward’s novel “The Strange Career of Jim Crow” was simply a book about racism. Other critics also attack his style of writing in this very popular novel. However, I believe that Woodward’s novel is not just a book about racism. It is a book about history. I believe it is a book about race relations, not racism. Woodward shatters the stereotypical view of segregation through chronicling the history of America from reconstruction through the late 1960’s.

Racism is an issue that blacks face, and have faced throughout history directly and indirectly. Ralph Ellison has done a great job in demonstrating the effects of racism on individual identity through a black narrator. Throughout the story, Ellison provides several examples of what the narrator faced in trying to make his-self visible and acceptable in the white culture. Ellison engages the reader so deeply in the occurrences through the narrator’s agony, confusion, and ambiguity. In order to understand the narrators plight, and to see things through his eyes, it is important to understand that main characters of the story which contributes to his plight as well as the era in which the story takes place.

Alexander writes, “I have a specific audience in mind—people who care deeply about racial justice but who, for any number of reasons, do not yet appreciate the magnitude of the crisis faced by communities of color… I am writing this book for people like me—the person I was ten years ago” (p. xiii). By writing to an audience of readers who are not

To engage a large audience, Staples appeals to readers with his use to two different points of views throughout the essay: societal views and black views. Staples tries to connect with the readers by giving examples of unconscious thoughts that run through the minds of most people when in the same situation as the “white women.” In his opening sentence, Staples calls the women a “victim.” In her own eyes, she herself was “victim” due to the influence of generalized stereotypes presented in our culture. She becomes quick to judge based on Staples appearance: his skin tone. Because of his color, his every action becomes nothing but threats and anxiety on the women. “She casted a back worried glance. To her, the youngish black- broad six feet two inches with a beard and billowing hair, both hands shoved into the pockets of a

Furthermore, Biman Basu’s The Black Voice And The Language Of The Text: Toni Morrison’s Sula, investigates what he calls “one of the most significant developments in African American tradition…the formation of a class of intellectuals” (Article). More precisely, Basu is speaking of individuals like Morrison, who have not only broken down barriers for herself as a woman writer, but the others whom have followed in her footsteps to publish a rich tapestry of African-American literature. Furthermore, Basu’s investigates the conflict that arises when one class overtakes another stating that the conflict “on one hand, is between African-American and American Culture, and on the other, between this class of intellectuals and the ‘people’”(article).

She has a knack for suddenly switching from a professional tone to an emotional one and then back to the professional tone. She does this when she mentions how race governs “who could vote, who could murder or marry whom, and what kind of work one can do” (Dickerson 68). Someone who skims “The Great White Way” may miss that jarring change, but an active reader will feel shocked and intrigued by it. Dickerson does this again when she defines race as “an arbitrary system for establishing hierarchy and privilege . . . and deciding who gets to kick whose butt” (68).

Over fifty years ago, a Texan named John Howard Griffin embarked on a revolutionary journey—to darken the color of his skin and experience racism in the Deep South firsthand. While considered extremely controversial at the time, the experiences recorded by Griffin in his book, Black like Me, are still discussed today. The book has continued to inform readers about oppressive prejudice in America, and aided them in realizing that bias, while hidden, is still prevalent today. It has inspired a new generation to work towards equality, while warning them of the dangers of racial supremacy. Readers are exposed to the fact that many deny the existence of racism by convincing themselves that the small

Throughout the book, Coates briefly elaborates on how white people use harsh words and actions to try and tear down the black community. However, Coates asserts that “ Hate gives identity.” He continues this theory by writing “The nigger, the fag, the bitch illuminate the border, illuminate what we ostensibly are not.” Coates shows us that these hateful terms are actually beneficial. Ironically, these very words that are meant to tear us down, build us up by categorizing our people as things that we are not. Coates shows that these words that seemingly paint a true portrait of us are nothing but a false projection placed on our people. Coates goes on to show how society is set up on the standards and expectations of whiteness as these feelings are revealed through his writing “illuminate the Dream of being white, of being a Man.” The American Dream that we have been force fed is drawn directly from the perspective of the white man. Certain indicators of society, such as how to be a man, are defined from the perspective of the white man as well. Coates powerfully conveys that we should be creating our own standards of the American Dream. We should be fighting to bring

Over fifty years ago, a Texan named John Howard Griffin decided to start a revolutionary experiment--to change the color of his skin and experience racism in the South firsthand. While considered extremely controversial at the time, the arguments and teachings of Griffin in his book, “Black Like Me,” are still scrutinized and discussed today. The book has continued to enlighten readers to the oppressive, violent racism in America, and aided them in realizing that racism, while it may be hidden, is still prevalent today. It has encouraged a new generation to work towards equality, while warning about the dangers of supremacy, to progressively improve society for all. Readers are exposed to the fact that many deny the existence of racism by

The Color of Water, James McBride’s autobiography and tribute to his mother, gives the reader a look into his childhood and growing up biracial. James McBride was born to an African-American father and a Polish Jewish immigrant mother in 1957. While James was too young to fully grasp the civil rights and black power events that took place in the 1960s, he recounts experiencing these events vicariously through his older siblings. James McBride does a marvelous job at painting a vivid picture for his readers in The Color of Water. Although McBride utilizes language and rhetorical devices to alter meaning there are passages that require critical examination of language. A critical examination of language contributes to our understanding of a literary text by deepening and expanding our understanding of a work of literature. A critical analysis of The Color of Water will allow us to break this piece of literature into parts and examine its components. In doing so, the reader can offer alternative meanings about each part.

America’s possess a rich history but sometimes it’s shadowed by many issues, one of them who has persisted is race. Racial tensions have decreased substantially through the decades. During the peak of racial tensions, the author Tomi Morrison publishes Recitatif a striking short story touching the taboo of “black-white”. Even though recitatif implies a lyrical way the story is written in a narrative way, which it might be misleading at first sight but if you analyze it after reading the story it can be something amazing.

It doesn’t take long to figure out that race and ethnicity issues continue to affect America - a quick glance at the news will show the latest riot, hate crime, or police brutality incident. This centuries old struggle has given rise to a number of literary works on the topic, many of which take a different approach to the issue. W.E.B. Du Bois, for instance, published the work The Souls of Black Folk in 1903, arguing for blacks’ right to equality in a horrifically segregated society. In these essays, Du Bois coined the term “double-consciousness,” wherein those with black skin must view the world both from their own perspective, and from the perspective of the predominately white society. The short story Recitatif by Toni Morrison explores this concept through the removal of the characters’ races, and the film Do the Right Thing, directed by Spike Lee, tells a story to demonstrate it. While the former shows double-consciousness through the usage of ambiguity, the latter almost directly references the concept. Taken together, these two sources argue a multi-faceted version double-consciousness, wherein society alienates the characters in ways that go beyond just the color of one’s skin.

Peggy McIntosh, chapter on “White Privilege, color, and crime,” encourages readers to think about the world in the framework of race, class, and gender on a “White privilege” perspective. McIntosh

Leigh, who has a proven best seller novel, be black enough, man enough, whatever enough, to step in front of a camera? Media is precisely like Everett’s depiction. They want to alter someone into the person they believe will improve their ratings, sell their books, and so forth. Monk, as Stagg R. Leigh, sacrifices his convictions, moral standards, and intellect, to dumb-down himself to carry out the portrayal of the very slang, very raw, and very negatively stereotypical persona of a young black man who had supposedly penned the book Monk had intentionally written as a parody. Still, the character 's skin color was not black enough. Who sets the expectation of what is dark enough? Is it the media, or is it society? It is hard to determine what, or who, precisely is the driving force behind such demands. Is the media responsible for perpetuating the stereotype that the viewing audience, in both media and print, is perceiving? Or is it society which creates the demand for media to force a pseudo-identity onto a writer, otherwise penalizing a writer for standing firm in their choice of genre? The author of Erasure, Everett, in an interview with Matthew Dischinger, English professor at Louisiana State University, responded to a question about skin color and the foregrounding of race in critical conversations about his work by stating: