The Pathophysiology Of Lung Cancer

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

Lung Cancer, like any other type of cancer, is the uncontrollable growth of cells in the lung tissue. The main causes that contribute to lung cancer include inhaling carcinogens (basically, smoking), exposure to ionizing radiation, viral infections and even air pollution. These factors basically damage the tissues lining the bronchi in the lung, leading the cancer to develop further (Vaporciyan & Nesbitt JC, 2000). Primary lung cancers that develop in the epithelial tissues of the lung are known as carcinomas and claim the top spot in terms of leading cancer-related death causes. As of 2004, lung cancer

Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. Lung cancer consists of two types, Non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer. (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. The bronchi are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs that convey air to and from the lungs, and where most lung cancers begin. The body normally maintains cell growth only

Cellular / Molecular Basis: Lung cancer has two types; small cell and non small cell. The two types can be identified by their appearance when looked at with a microscope. It usually affects the cells that are lined along air passages in the lungs.

Squamous Cell Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) occurs in about 30% of all Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cases. (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012) There are two main features of squamous cell NSCLC that distinguish it from adenocarcinoma and large cell NSCLC. Squamous cells contain keratin within the cell and are connected to each other by desmosomes (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012). Squamous cell NSCLC is most commonly found in male smokers who have a cough, airway obstruction, Hilar-adenopathy, mediastinal widening with chest x-rays, and Hypercalcemia (Harold, J. Bruyere, 2009).

Although many people have heard about lung cancer, they don't know that there are two major types of lung cancer. The types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC breaks down into three different types and approximately makes up 85-90% of the cancers that patients are diagnosed with. The first type of NSCLC is adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is usually found in smokers however it is the most common lung cancer found in nonsmokers. This cancer typically attacks younger adults and targets women. This cancer tends to develop on the outside layers of the lungs and it can be found before it spreads throughout the body. The second type of NSCLC is squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is linked to smoking and forms in the inner airways of

Lung cancer is a genetic and acquired disease. Lung cancer is genetic because cancer in general is caused by changes to the genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. All of these changes include mutations in the DNA that makes up our genes. Genetic changes that increase cancer risk can be inherited from our parents, if the changes are presents in germ cells. Which are the reproductive cells of the body, those are the eggs and the sperm. Lung cancer is also acquired because as the result of errors that occur as cells divide a person’s lifetime or exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of these chemicals are found in tobacco smoke, radiation, UV rays from the sun that damage DNA. “In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes than normal cells. But each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic alterations.” Some of these changes may be the result of cancer, rather than the cause. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, cancer cells may have different genetic changes.

Cancer, it can affect anyone; it can affect any part of the body but what is it? Cancer results from the abnormality in the body's cells. This occurs when the cells divided and grow. Disruption in the system of the growth and division of a cell results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that form a mass which leads to cancer. The patient outcome for cancer is different for everyone, but it is also different with each type. In the respiratory department, a major type of cancer we will deal with is lung cancer. Lung cancer, however, has different types and stages, but for this paper, we are going to talk about Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the article titled “Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer” it states

This sort of lung malignancy happens primarily in present or previous smokers, however it is additionally the most widely recognized kind of lung disease seen in non-smokers. It is more normal in ladies than in men, and it will probably happen in more youthful individuals than different sorts of lung tumor. Adenocarcinoma is typically found in external parts of the lung. Despite the fact that it has a tendency to become slower than different sorts of lung malignancy and will probably be found before it has spread, this fluctuates from patient to persistent. Squamous cell carcinoma: Around 25% to 30% of all lung malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas. These tumors begin in early forms of squamous cells, which are level cells that line within the aviation routes in the lungs. They are regularly connected to a past filled with smoking and have a tendency to be found in the focal part of the lungs, close to a primary aviation route. Huge cell carcinoma: This write represents around 10% to 15% of lung diseases. It can show up in any part of the lung. It has a tendency to develop and spread rapidly, which can make it harder to

As generations of diseases and cures continue to be created, the increase of cancer multiply each day. Although there are many recurring cancers through genes and natural behavior, lung cancer is one of the recurrent cancers that continue to grow; either it has to do with natural behavior or genetics. Lung cancer begins to occur when cells in your lungs begin to grow uncontrollably. This disease is infectious and severe because not only will the cancer affect your lungs which affects your breathing, but also spread throughout your body and affect other organs as well

Lung cancer is a tumor that affects either one or both of the lungs.A primary cancer begins in the lungs and a secondary cancer begins in another place in the body and makes its way up towards the lungs. Lung cancer is the 5th most common cancer. In Australia 59% of males were diagnosed were as 41% of Australian females were diagnosed.

Lung cancer occurs due to cells in a person’s lungs that multiple at a rapid pace, which form a malignant tumor. These tumors in the lungs take away important necessities such as oxygen, and nutrients; diminishes the ability of the tissue to properly function. One of the most type of common lung cancers is Adenocarcinoma, which make up to forty percent of these cases. Smoking is the primary reason for Americans to be diagnosed with lung cancer, with a cigarette containing more than 4,000 chemicals that have permanent damage to the lungs causing long term effects (Conrad 2016).

There are four stages of non-small cell lung cancer. Non-small cell patients are diagnosed “Stage 1” when the cancer has not

Lung cancer is a type of cancer is found in men and women lung cancer have something to do with your lungs. Your lungs which help pump oxygen into your body and also release carbon out of your body which helps you live because you need oxygen. Lung cancer is a common cancer in ages 60 and up it can also be found in any age but is most commonly in 60 year olds and older. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. in both men and women. Lung cancer is also one of the most preventable kinds of cancer, but smoking is mainly the leading cause of lung cancer.

Lung cancer was once a very rare disease, this disease was so rare that doctors thought that it was a once-in-a-lifetime oddity. Towards the end of the 19th century cigarettes and tobacco become popularised, causing a global lung cancer epidemic. In 2014, an estimated 221,000 adults in the United States will be diagnosed with lung cancer, (115,610 men and 105,590 women). Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the US. The one-year survival rate is 44%, the five-year survival rate is 17% (cancer). The cigarette is the deadliest artifact in the history of humans. Cigarettes cause around 1 lung cancer death per 3 or 4 million smoked, this is why the epidemic is so large today. Cigarettes cause about 1.5 million