The Pathophysiology Of Malaria ( Plasmodium Sp

Malaria has been in existence for thousands of years. Many historical records show that it has affected human civilization greatly by plaguing and causing mass death. The earliest record can be traced back to 2700 BC in China (Cox, 2002). It has been long associated with swamps and insects for hundreds of years but often believed to be the air from swamps causing the plague. The term malaria rooted from two Italian words ‘mala’ and ‘aria’ which literally means bad air. Humanity did not know the true nature of the long thought disease until 1894 when a Scottish physician, Sir Ronald Ross, discovered that it was actually the parasite in mosquito that is causing the malaria.

Malaria claims more lives than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. Over 200 million cases worldwide are reported each year. According to the World Health Organization Research, Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the parasite plasmodium (WHO, 2011). It is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Unfortunately, an estimated death toll of 1 million African children is reported. Thus this paper will aim to further define this condition while describing clinical manifestations and preventive

Defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary, "Malaria is a kind of intermittent and remittent disease that spreads into the red blood cells of a human being once coming in contact with the disease." The parasite is a part and prime focus of the disease, then sets in the red blood cells and damages the entire human body (Webb 281). Malaria is a disease that was not as common in the old world as it is in the new world. Due to rampant progression in transport and infrastructure, the threat of malaria has increased staggeringly. This is because malaria is effective in any given population.

Malaria. Our 130 million year old enemy. Malaria has been around since the dawn of time and just like the evolution of humans, the disease evolved over time (Malaria.com, 2011). Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by a specific parasite called Plasmodium, and it is transmitted to people through the bites of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium is a unique parasite because of its structure-it is a single celled organism that multiples in our red blood cells (Canada.com, 2016). The Plasmodium parasite has 4 species which are known to cause the disease in humans, these being: P. Vivax, P. Falciparum, P. Ovale, and P. Malariae. Specifically, P. Vivax, and P. Falciparum are the 2 most common types of parasites to cause the

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) states that it is important to address Malaria because as earlier stated, it effects 3.2 billion people, which means that almost half of the world’s population is at risk. Malaria is also a huge cause of death worldwide because in developing countries with warm climates, it is hard for them to get the proper resources they need in order to cure the disease. Although it is hard to find someone with Malaria in the U.S., it is very common in warm developing countries mostly because that is where the Anopheles mosquitos thrive the best. Therefore, the main reason for Malaria is the lack of resources and knowledge from these developing countries. Because they are developing countries with little money, it is hard

Since it was first discovered in 1880 by French army surgeon Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, Malaria has caused the suffering of millions each year. According to the World Health Organization It was estimated that in 2015 there were nearly 214 million cases of Malaria worldwide, half a million of which were lethal. Malaria is caused by a parasite which is transmitted through the bite of a mosquito. Although cases of Malaria are most common in the sub-Saharan Africa region, it has affected people on a global scale. Efforts to combat Malaria range from insecticide treated bed nets to indoor residual spraying. Although both methods are viable, they do not have to potential to eradicate Malaria. The most effective means of combating Malaria is through genetic modification of mosquitoes. By tinkering with the genes of the very creature who transmits the parasite, we can ultimately eliminate the disease before it even poses a threat.

The main cause of Malaria is Plasmodium falciparum or plasmodium vivax, which is carry by the female Anopheles mosquito. As the female Anopheles mosquito bits on the human to take blood meal, the Plasmodium falciparum gets injected to the blood stream via mosquito’s saliva and travels through blood stream and eventually gets to the liver. In liver the Plasmodium falciparum being to multiply asexually. Next they start rupturing liver cells and release back to the blood stream. In the blood the parasite being to invade and multiply again inside the red blood cells. This time they start to reproduce sexually within the blood stream. This occurs until the red blood cells burst and releasing the parasite once again into the blood stream. Bursting of the red blood cells lead to acute anemia. This cycle happens over and over again and each time cause Chile, fever sweating. Rupturing the red blood cells and high temperature fever will eventually lead to death. Next the uninfected female Anopheles mosquito bites on the infected human and by sucking its

Malaria is a parasitic infection, transmitted by the bite of the infected female Anopheles mosquito. Five types of plasmodia cause the disease to humans: Plasmodium (P.) falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi. The most common symptoms of malaria are, chills, high fever, malaise, headache sweating and muscle aches, manifest 1-4 weeks after infection with the parasite, while relapses of the disease are usually observed in short intervals but up to 5 and in extreme cases even up to 8 years in P. vivax infections (Walker and Colledge 2014; ). A number of effective anti-malaria drugs are available to treat the infection. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is essential to forestall complications.

Half of the world’s population lives in areas that are at risk of this this disease. In 1880 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran was the first to discover that parasites were found in the blood .It has influeced a lot of the human population as well as human history.In 2013 about 123 million people were diagnosed with malaria killing approximetly 660,000 people of all diferent ages and sizes (cdc, 2013). “Between 2000 and 2015, malaria incidence among populations at risk (the rate of new cases) fell by 37% globally. In that same period, malaria death rates among populations at risk fell by 60% globally among all age groups, and by 65% among children under 5.” (who, 2016). “Sub-Saharan Africa carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2015, the region was home to 88% of malaria cases and 90% of malaria deaths.” (who, 2016).

Malaria is a tropical disease which is prevalent in countries across the equator, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. It is spread by Anopheles mosquitoes (infected with plasmodium), which bite the host and inject the malaria parasite (plasmodium) into the blood of the host. [1] After this the parasite travels to the liver where it reproduces. Then it re-enters the bloodstream and reproduces and multiplies inside the red blood cells, as a result of this the infected red blood cells burst, releasing parasites into the blood. The infected red blood cells burst within two to three days of being infected, this causes fevers, fatigue and headaches. The symptoms of malaria can range from diarrhoea and sweating to muscle pains, anaemia due to the loss of red blood cells and even death.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium, a parasite which lives inside its victims and consequently, inside their nutrient supply. Human malaria is specifically carried and spread via the female mosquito of the genus Anopheles (Marcus & Babcock 2009). There are over 50 species of Plasmodium, only four of which are responsible for causing human malaria: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax. P. falciparum is the most common species, held responsible for 75% of the cases followed by P. vivax causing 20%. P. falciparum accounts for the majority of deaths, however, recent evidence suggests P. vivax malaria to be associated with potentially life-threatening conditions similar to P. falciparum (Nadjm & Behrens 2012).

Malaria is caused when the female Anopheles mosquito that carries malaria-causing parasites bites an individual human being(Yamagishi et al., 2014). For instance, the female Anopheles mosquito bites people to feed on the blood, since the female mosquito needs blood to support during its pregnancy. When it bites the human body, it injects the parasite in the blood of the human being in the form of

Malaria is responsible for millions of deaths every year. More than two million people die from malaria each year with about 90% of these deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (MVI, 2015). Most of these deaths are in children under the age of five. The species responsible for malaria is Plasmodium. They are classified under Apicomplexaphyla and are unicellular and chemoheterotrophic. It is spread via vectors and requires a host for reproduction (Alex, 2015). There are five species of Plasmodium responsible for malaria. The most deadly species is Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum multiplies rapidly in the blood and can cause severe blood

Malaria is one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and disease in many developing countries, where young children and pregnant women are the groups most affected. According to the World Health Organization’s World Malaria Report 2013 and the Global Malaria Action Plan , 3.4 billion people (half the world’s population) live in areas at risk of malaria transmission in 106 countries and territories. In 2012, malaria caused an estimated 207 million clinical

Plasmodium species (sp.) is the caustic protozoan parasite known to cause malarial disease. One of the most common disease in tropical and subtropical regions of the world is malaria, causing 500 million malarial infections with 1-2 million deaths per year (Tangpukdee, Duangdee, Wilairatana, & Krudsood, 2009, p. 93). In addition to the severity of the disease is dependent on the species of Plasmodium acquired by the patient with P. falciparum being the most severe and fatal while P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowesi cause acute disease that is rarely fatal. Furthermore, the number of malarial cases seems to be increasing due to drug resistant strains that are emerging, increased amount of travel and migration through